How to export variables from a file?

Question

I have a tmp.txt file containing variables to be exported, for example:

a=123
b="hello world"
c="one more variable"

How can I export all these variables using the export command, so that they can later be used by child processes?

Answer 1

set -a
. ./tmp.txt
set +a

set -a causes variables¹ defined from now on to be automatically exported. It's available in any Bourne-like shell. . is the standard and Bourne name for the source command so I prefer it for portability (source comes from csh and is now available in most modern Bourne-like shells including bash though (sometimes with a slightly different behaviour)).

In POSIX shells, you can also use set -o allexport as a more descriptive alternative way to write it (set +o allexport to unset).

You can make it a function with:

export_from() {
  # local is not a standard command but is pretty common. It's needed here
  # for this code to be re-entrant (for the case where sourced files to
  # call export_from). We still use _export_from_ prefix to namespace
  # those variables to reduce the risk of those variables being some of
  # those exported by the sourced file.
  local _export_from_ret _export_from_restore _export_from_file
_export_from_ret=0
record current state of the allexport option. Some shells (ksh93/zsh)
have support for local scope for options, but there's no standard
equivalent.
case $- in
    (a) _export_from_restore=;;
    (*)   _export_from_restore='set +a';;
  esac
for _export_from_file do
    # using the command prefix removes the "special" attribute of the "."
    # command so that it doesn't exit the shell when failing.
    command . "$_export_from_file" || _export_from_ret="$?"
  done
  eval "$_export_from_restore"
  return "$_export_from_ret"
}

---

^{¹ In bash, beware that it also causes all functions declared while allexport is on to be exported to the environment (as BASH_FUNC_myfunction%% environment variables that are then imported by all bash shells run in that environment, even when running as sh).}

Answer 2

source tmp.txt
export a b c
./child ...

---

Judging by your other question, you don't want to hardcode the variable names:

source tmp.txt
export $(cut -d= -f1 tmp.txt)

test it:

$ source tmp.txt
$ echo "$a $b $c"
123 hello world one more variable
$ perl -E 'say "@ENV{qw(a b c)}"'

$ export $(cut -d= -f1 tmp.txt)
$ perl -E 'say "@ENV{qw(a b c)}"'
123 hello world one more variable

Answer 3

A dangerous one-liner that doesn't require source:

export $(xargs <file)

• It can't handle comments, frequently used in environment files
• It can't handle values with whitespace, like in the question example
• It may unintentionally expand glob patterns into files if they match by any chance

It's a bit dangerous because it passes the lines through bash expansion, but it has been useful to me when I know I have safe environment files.

Answer 4

Just do:

while read LINE; do export "$LINE"; done < ./tmp.txt

Answer 5

Just complementing @Stéphane Chazelas ' excellent answer you can also use set -a/set +a and its counterparts inside a file (eg. "to_export.bash") like this...

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -a

SOMEVAR_A="abcd"
SOMEVAR_B="efgh"
SOMEVAR_C=123456
set +a

... and then export all the variables contained in the file like this...

. ./to_export.bash

... or...

source ./to_export.bash

Thanks!

Answer 6

I've put together a solution that seems to be working in all cases (spaces, comments, etc) by using various proposed solutions. Here it is:

eval $(egrep "^[^#;]" .env | xargs -d'\n' -n1 | sed 's/^/export /')

Answer 7

This solution will export all key=values to environment variables that are in .env file, that are not empty lines or commented (#).

File: .env

ENV=local
DEBUG=True

Command:

$ export $(cat .env | egrep -v "(^#.*|^$)" | xargs)

Answer 8

You don't need to run export on the content of a line, you just use it to mark the symbols you want to be exported. I use this function:

sourcery () {
    local file vars
    for file; do
            # shellcheck disable=SC1090
            source "$file" && {
                    mapfile -t vars < <(sed -nE '/^[[:space:]]*#/d;s/^[[:space:]]*([[:alpha:]_][[:alnum:]_]*)=.*/\1/p' "$file")
                    export "${vars[@]}"
            }
    done
}

This will source each file you pass to it and then read those files looking for uncommented variable declarations. It will mark each of the variables it finds as exported.

This is relatively safe because it relies on your shell to actually parse and resolve the content of the env file and only does string munging to figure out which symbols should get the export bit.

My version assumes bash and a sed supporting -E, but you could write a highly portable version of the same idea without too much trouble.

Answer 9

For my use-case,

export $(< ~/my/.env)

works as desired.

Answer 10

My take:

dotenv() {
    local REPLY
    while read; do
        REPLY=$(printf %s\\n "${REPLY%%#*}" | xargs)
        [[ -n $REPLY ]] && export "$REPLY"
    done < <(envsubst)
}

Supports comments, processes spaces, quotes & backslashes (xargs-processing), and expands environment variables. Avoids arbitrary script execution from source.

Without xargs & envsubst, the syntax changes a bit (no unquoting or general post-processing), but comments are still supported and the function is bash-only.

Can be further improved to provide nicer error messages in bad lines.

Answer 11

little workaround based on one of answers:

1. create function and place it in ~/.bashrc

function myenvs() {
if [ -z "$1" ]; then
    echo "Usage: myenvs [import file path]";
else
    if [ -f "$1" ]; then
        source "$1" 2>/dev/null; export $(cat "$1" | grep "=" | grep -v "^#" | awk /./ | cut -d= -f1 | xargs)
    else
        echo "Bad file path: $1"
    fi
fi

}

2. run $ myenvs /path/to/env/file to import envs

※ if env/file has bad lines, here are errors may be appeared when source called. I just hide it, so error handling is up on you