109

Festival stores voicepack data in the following example directory structure:

/usr/share/festival/voices/<language>/<voicepack name>

What is the simplest one-liner (preferably using ls) to print out just the <voicepack name>'s, in all the potentially numerous <language> subdirectories?

user66001
  • 2,395

6 Answers6

133

I'm on Fedora, and these voicepacks are in a slightly different location:

$ ls /usr/share/festival/lib/voices/*/ -1 | grep -vE "/usr|^$"
kal_diphone
ked_diphone
nitech_us_awb_arctic_hts
nitech_us_bdl_arctic_hts
nitech_us_clb_arctic_hts
nitech_us_jmk_arctic_hts
nitech_us_rms_arctic_hts
nitech_us_slt_arctic_hts

You can just modify this like so:

$ ls /usr/share/festival/voices/*/ -1 | grep -vE "/usr|^$"

Using find

Using ls in this manor is typically frowned upon because the output of ls is difficult to parse. Better to use the find command, like so:

$ find /usr/share/festival/lib/voices -maxdepth 2 -mindepth 2 \
    -type d -exec basename {} \;
nitech_us_awb_arctic_hts
nitech_us_bdl_arctic_hts
nitech_us_slt_arctic_hts
nitech_us_jmk_arctic_hts
nitech_us_clb_arctic_hts
nitech_us_rms_arctic_hts
ked_diphone
kal_diphone

Details of find & basename

This command works by producing a list of full paths to files that are exactly 2 levels deep with respect to this directory:

/usr/share/festival/lib/voices

This list looks like this:

$ find /usr/share/festival/lib/voices -maxdepth 2 -mindepth 2 
/usr/share/festival/lib/voices/us/nitech_us_awb_arctic_hts
/usr/share/festival/lib/voices/us/nitech_us_bdl_arctic_hts
/usr/share/festival/lib/voices/us/nitech_us_slt_arctic_hts
/usr/share/festival/lib/voices/us/nitech_us_jmk_arctic_hts
/usr/share/festival/lib/voices/us/nitech_us_clb_arctic_hts
/usr/share/festival/lib/voices/us/nitech_us_rms_arctic_hts
/usr/share/festival/lib/voices/english/ked_diphone
/usr/share/festival/lib/voices/english/kal_diphon

But we want the last part of these directories, the leaf node. So we can make use of basename to parse it out:

$ basename /usr/share/festival/lib/voices/us/nitech_us_awb_arctic_hts
nitech_us_awb_arctic_hts

Putting it all together, we can make the find command pass each 2 level deep directory to the basename command. The notation basename {} is what is doing these basename conversions. Find calls it via it's -exec switch.

slm
  • 369,824
44

The easiest is 

ls -d /usr/share/festival/voices/*/*

That is expanded by the shell into all sub directories of /usr/share/festival/voices/ and then to the contents of each of those sub directories.

If you only want to descend to a specific level as your title suggests, with some implementations of find like GNU's and some BSD's:

find /usr/share/festival/voices/ -mindepth 2 -maxdepth 3 -type d

That will find all directories (-type d) that are in a subdirectory of /usr/share/festival/voices/ because of mindepth 2 but are not deeper than 3 levels down (maxdepth 3). From man find:

   -maxdepth levels
          Descend at most levels (a non-negative integer) levels of direc‐
          tories below the command line arguments.  -maxdepth 0
           means only apply the tests and  actions  to  the  command  line
          arguments.

   -mindepth levels
          Do  not apply any tests or actions at levels less than levels (a
          non-negative integer).  -mindepth  1  means  process  all  files
          except the command line arguments.
Stéphane Chazelas
  • 544,893
terdon
  • 242,166
9

The accepted answer works correctly but is somewhat inefficient because it spawns a new basename process for each subdirectory:

find /usr/share/festival/lib/voices -maxdepth 2 -mindepth 2 \
    -type d -exec basename {} \;

When possible, it's preferable to use features built into find to avoid the expense of spawning processes. find has a fairly extensive capability to modify its printed output using the -printf action. The default -print action prints the entire path, but using -printf and a format string it's possible to select portions of the path for printing. To extract just the filename portion of the path without the leading directories (as basename does), the format string is %f. To place a newline after each filename, include \n as follows:

$ find /usr/share/festival/lib/voices -maxdepth 2 -mindepth 2 \
    -type d -printf '%f\n'
nitech_us_awb_arctic_hts
nitech_us_bdl_arctic_hts
nitech_us_slt_arctic_hts
nitech_us_jmk_arctic_hts
nitech_us_clb_arctic_hts
nitech_us_rms_arctic_hts
ked_diphone
kal_diphone
Michael Henry
  • 191
  • +1 Thanks for your answer Michael. I can see the advantage to the way of doing this in your answer, also, but given the work put into slm's answer I am at two minds about switching the accepted answer. If @slm sees this, and has no issues with choosing this over his, I will return here to change the accepted answer. – user66001 Jan 25 '18 at 17:03
  • 2
    @slm's answer is well explained and covers the more general pattern of using find with arbitrary external commands; it's just less efficient for operations that are built into find. I had considered adding a comment to his answer, but that requires more reputation than I have. There's no need to change your accepted answer, as the currently accepted answer is correct, well explained, and usable as a pattern for the more general case; I just wanted to point out that for this specific case there is a more efficient method. – Michael Henry Jan 29 '18 at 13:25
7

TLDR; for those just coming here based on the title of this question; to "List subdirectories only n level[s] deep": use

find -maxdepth N

where N is any number.

Example:

# list all files and folders 4 levels deep
find -maxdepth 4

And if you need to search for a particular file or folder, just pipe it to grep. Ex:

find -maxdepth 4 | grep -i some_file_name

Note that the -i above makes the grep search of the file and folder names coming out of the find command case 'i'nsensitive.

For additional help with find, to make it search only where you want and find only what you want, see also my other answer here: How to exclude a directory in find . command

Gabriel Staples
  • 2,562
0

For someone using bash looking for something simple just using ls:

ls -d $PWD/*

When creating an alias (in ~/.bash_aliases or wherever), be sure to use single-quotes:

alias ldf='ls -d $PWD/*'

Not quoting it will result in the shell trying to execute ls.

Double-quoting it will create the alias with the value of $PWD at the time of the alias.

You could use $(pwd) if you prefer, but I don't see the point of spawning a sub-shell when bash provides $PWD for you.

arafeandur
  • 111
  • this only lists the directories, you should pass it to | xargs ls, probably? – 0x0584 Sep 21 '20 at 19:23
  • Alas, this doesn't answer the question (prints all the directories under one path; Question was about printing directory names 2 levels downstream from a base folder, while not folders 1 level downstream from a base folder). Unlike forums, this is a question and answer site. In order to keep the amount of superfluous information to a minimum, only things that directly answer the question usually remain. A separate question of how to list subdirectories of a path would allow this answer, but I trust this less-complicated-than-I-asked question would already be asked and comprehensibly answered. – user66001 Sep 23 '20 at 09:10
0

In zsh:

print -rC1 -- /usr/share/festival/voices/*/*(N-/:t)

Or the GNU find + sort equivalent:

LC_ALL=C find -L /usr/share/festival/voices -mindepth 2 -maxdepth 2 \
  -name '.*' -prune -o -type d -printf '%f\0' |
  sort -z |
  tr '\0' '\n'
Stéphane Chazelas
  • 544,893