خردل

Arabic

Etymology

Uncertain, previous comparisons to an Akkadian source have been depreciated as uninformed readings; compare Hebrew חַרְדָּל (ḥardal), Jewish Palestinian Aramaic חרדלא (ḥardlā), Jewish Babylonian Aramaic חַרְדְּלָא (ḥardlā), Classical Syriac ܚܪܕܠܐ (ḥardlā), and potentially Akkadian 𒄷𒊏𒁺 (/⁠ḫurādu⁠/, “unidentified aromatic plant possibly in reference to mustard seeds; aromatic seed or spice mix”, literally “pebbles, little stones”); perhaps connected ultimately to Proto-Semitic *ḥaraθ- (“to sow, to plant seeds, to till, to plow, to cultivate”) or Sumerian 𒌑𒄯𒄯 (/⁠ḫarḫar⁠/, “unidentified plant yielding seeds used as a spice”) of uncertain provenance.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /xar.dal/

Noun

خَرْدَل • (ḵardal) m (collective, singulative خَرْدَلَة f (ḵardala))

mustard (plant and condiment)

Declension

Declension of noun خَرْدَل (ḵardal)

Collective	basic collective triptote
Collective	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَرْدَل ḵardal	الْخَرْدَل al-ḵardal	خَرْدَل ḵardal
Nominative	خَرْدَلٌ ḵardalun	الْخَرْدَلُ al-ḵardalu	خَرْدَلُ ḵardalu
Accusative	خَرْدَلًا ḵardalan	الْخَرْدَلَ al-ḵardala	خَرْدَلَ ḵardala
Genitive	خَرْدَلٍ ḵardalin	الْخَرْدَلِ al-ḵardali	خَرْدَلِ ḵardali
Singulative	singulative triptote in ـَة (-a)
Singulative	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَرْدَلَة ḵardala	الْخَرْدَلَة al-ḵardala	خَرْدَلَة ḵardalat
Nominative	خَرْدَلَةٌ ḵardalatun	الْخَرْدَلَةُ al-ḵardalatu	خَرْدَلَةُ ḵardalatu
Accusative	خَرْدَلَةً ḵardalatan	الْخَرْدَلَةَ al-ḵardalata	خَرْدَلَةَ ḵardalata
Genitive	خَرْدَلَةٍ ḵardalatin	الْخَرْدَلَةِ al-ḵardalati	خَرْدَلَةِ ḵardalati
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَرْدَلَتَيْن ḵardalatayn	الْخَرْدَلَتَيْن al-ḵardalatayn	خَرْدَلَتَيْ ḵardalatay
Nominative	خَرْدَلَتَانِ ḵardalatāni	الْخَرْدَلَتَانِ al-ḵardalatāni	خَرْدَلَتَا ḵardalatā
Accusative	خَرْدَلَتَيْنِ ḵardalatayni	الْخَرْدَلَتَيْنِ al-ḵardalatayni	خَرْدَلَتَيْ ḵardalatay
Genitive	خَرْدَلَتَيْنِ ḵardalatayni	الْخَرْدَلَتَيْنِ al-ḵardalatayni	خَرْدَلَتَيْ ḵardalatay
Paucal (3-10)	sound feminine paucal
Paucal (3-10)	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَرْدَلَات ḵardalāt	الْخَرْدَلَات al-ḵardalāt	خَرْدَلَات ḵardalāt
Nominative	خَرْدَلَاتٌ ḵardalātun	الْخَرْدَلَاتُ al-ḵardalātu	خَرْدَلَاتُ ḵardalātu
Accusative	خَرْدَلَاتٍ ḵardalātin	الْخَرْدَلَاتِ al-ḵardalāti	خَرْدَلَاتِ ḵardalāti
Genitive	خَرْدَلَاتٍ ḵardalātin	الْخَرْدَلَاتِ al-ḵardalāti	خَرْدَلَاتِ ḵardalāti

Descendants

→ Middle Armenian: խարտալ (xartal)
→ Persian: خردل (xardal)
- → Hindustani:
  Hindi: ख़र्दल (xardal)
  Urdu: خردل (xardal)
Ottoman Turkish: خردل (hardal)
→ Turkish: hardal
→ Swahili: haradali

References

Levey, Martin (1973) Early Arabic Pharmacology. An Introduction Based on Ancient and Medieval Sources, Leiden: Brill, page 60

Persian

Etymology

From Arabic خَرْدَل (ḵardal).

Pronunciation

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [xaɾ.dal]

(Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xäɾ.d̪äl]
- (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [xäɾ.d̪äl]
- (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [xäɾ.d̪äl̥]

(Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [xæɹ.d̪æl̥]

(Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [χäɾ.d̪äl]

Readings
Classical reading^?	xardal
Dari reading^?	xardal
Iranian reading^?	xardal
Tajik reading^?	xardal

Noun

خردل • (xardal)

mustard
Synonym: سپندان (sepandân)

Descendants

→ Hindustani:
Hindi: ख़र्दल (xardal)

Urdu: خردل (xardal)

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian (xardal), from Arabic خَرْدَل (ḵardal).

Noun

خردل • (xardal) m (Hindi spelling ख़र्दल)

mustard

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