مصر
Arabic
Etymology 1
From a common Semitic source; compare Hebrew מִצְרַיִם (miṣráyim), Ugaritic 𐎎𐎕𐎗𐎎 (mṣrm), and Akkadian 𒈪𒄑𒊑𒄿 (miṣru) or 𒈬𒀫 (muṣru). The ending in Hebrew and Ugaritic is the standard dual form, perhaps related to the ancient conceptualization of Egypt as two realms: Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. Conflated with the root م ص ر (m-ṣ-r) in some senses (see below).
The sense of Cairo stems from the earlier settlement مِصْرُ الفُسْطَاط (miṣru l-fusṭāṭ, “the Civil Center of Assembly”, literally “of the large camel-hair tents, assembly halls”) that was incorporated into Cairo.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /misˤr/
Audio (file)
Proper noun
مِصْر • (miṣr) f
- Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)
- (dialectal, Egypt) Cairo (the capital and largest city of Egypt)
Declension
Derived terms
- مِصْرِيّ (miṣriyy, “Egyptian”)
- مِصْرِيَّة (miṣriyya, “Egyptian woman”)
- مَصَّرَ (maṣṣara, “to Egyptianize”)
- تَمَصَّرَ (tamaṣṣara, “to become Egyptian”)
- مِصْرِيَّة (miṣriyya, “Egyptianism”)
Descendants
- Egyptian Arabic: مصر (maṣr)
- → Nobiin: Másser
- Gulf Arabic: مصر (maṣir)
- Hijazi Arabic: مَصُر (maṣur)
- Maltese: Masar
- Moroccan Arabic: مصر (miṣr)
- North Levantine Arabic: مَصْر (maṣ(ə)r)
- → Abkhaz: Мысра (Məsra), Мсыр (Msər)
- → Adyghe: Мысыр (Məsər)
- → Akan: Misrim
- → Amharic: ምሥር (məśr)
- → Azerbaijani: Misir
- → Bashkir: Мысыр (Mısır)
- → Beja: مَسِر (Másir)
- → Chagatai: مصر
- → Chechen: Мисар (Misar)
- → Crimean Tatar: Mısır
- → Dhivehi: މިޞްރު (mişru)
- → Hausa: Masar, Misira
- → Kabyle: Maṣer
- → Kalenjin: Misri
- → Kamba: Misri
- → Kikuyu: Misri
- → Krymchak: Мысыр
- → Kumyk: Мисри (Misri)
- → Kurdish:
- → Kyrgyz: Мысыр (Mısır)
- → Lezgi: Мисри (Misri)
- → Luhya: Misri
- → Luo: Misri
- → Classical Malay: مصر (Mesir)
- → Maranao: Misir
- → Meru: Misri
- → Mongolian:
- Cyrillic script: Мисир (Misir)
- Mongolian script: ᠮᠢᠰᠢᠷ (misir)
- → Ossetian: Мысыр (Mysyr)
- → Ottoman Turkish: مصر (Mısır) (see there for further descendants)
- → Pashto: مصر (mesr)
- → Classical Persian: مِصْر (misr) (see there for further descendants)
- → Swahili: Umisri, Misri
Etymology 2
From the root م ص ر (m-ṣ-r), whose significations may have been partially influenced by the name of the North African region.
Noun
مِصْر • (miṣr) m (plural أَمْصَار (ʔamṣār))
- border, boundary, limit, march, neighboring territory
- separate area, district, province, city-state
- big city, metropolis, capital
- garrison town, a military fort, an incorporated area; a colony often to establish regional control, a civilizing or cultural settlement,
Declension
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | مِصْر miṣr |
الْمِصْر al-miṣr |
مِصْر miṣr |
Nominative | مِصْرٌ miṣrun |
الْمِصْرُ al-miṣru |
مِصْرُ miṣru |
Accusative | مِصْرًا miṣran |
الْمِصْرَ al-miṣra |
مِصْرَ miṣra |
Genitive | مِصْرٍ miṣrin |
الْمِصْرِ al-miṣri |
مِصْرِ miṣri |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | مِصْرَيْن miṣrayn |
الْمِصْرَيْن al-miṣrayn |
مِصْرَيْ miṣray |
Nominative | مِصْرَانِ miṣrāni |
الْمِصْرَانِ al-miṣrāni |
مِصْرَا miṣrā |
Accusative | مِصْرَيْنِ miṣrayni |
الْمِصْرَيْنِ al-miṣrayni |
مِصْرَيْ miṣray |
Genitive | مِصْرَيْنِ miṣrayni |
الْمِصْرَيْنِ al-miṣrayni |
مِصْرَيْ miṣray |
Plural | basic broken plural triptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | أَمْصَار ʔamṣār |
الْأَمْصَار al-ʔamṣār |
أَمْصَار ʔamṣār |
Nominative | أَمْصَارٌ ʔamṣārun |
الْأَمْصَارُ al-ʔamṣāru |
أَمْصَارُ ʔamṣāru |
Accusative | أَمْصَارًا ʔamṣāran |
الْأَمْصَارَ al-ʔamṣāra |
أَمْصَارَ ʔamṣāra |
Genitive | أَمْصَارٍ ʔamṣārin |
الْأَمْصَارِ al-ʔamṣāri |
أَمْصَارِ ʔamṣāri |
Derived terms
Etymology 3
From the root م ص ر (m-ṣ-r), with senses relating to Egypt deriving directly from مِصْر (miṣr, “Egypt”).
Verb
مَصَّرَ • (maṣṣara) II, non-past يُمَصِّرُ (yumaṣṣiru)
- (transitive) to build or found (a city), to settle or people (a region), to colonize; to civilize
- Synonyms: اِسْتَعْمَرَ (istaʕmara), اِسْتَوْطَنَ (istawṭana)
- (transitive) to make Egyptian, to Egyptianize
Conjugation
verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
tamṣīr | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
مُمَصِّر mumaṣṣir | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
مُمَصَّر mumaṣṣar | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | maṣṣartu |
maṣṣarta |
maṣṣara |
مَصَّرْتُمَا maṣṣartumā |
مَصَّرَا maṣṣarā |
maṣṣarnā |
maṣṣartum |
maṣṣarū | |||
f | maṣṣarti |
maṣṣarat |
مَصَّرَتَا maṣṣaratā |
maṣṣartunna |
maṣṣarna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔumaṣṣiru |
tumaṣṣiru |
yumaṣṣiru |
تُمَصِّرَانِ tumaṣṣirāni |
يُمَصِّرَانِ yumaṣṣirāni |
numaṣṣiru |
tumaṣṣirūna |
yumaṣṣirūna | |||
f | tumaṣṣirīna |
tumaṣṣiru |
تُمَصِّرَانِ tumaṣṣirāni |
tumaṣṣirna |
yumaṣṣirna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔumaṣṣira |
tumaṣṣira |
yumaṣṣira |
تُمَصِّرَا tumaṣṣirā |
يُمَصِّرَا yumaṣṣirā |
numaṣṣira |
tumaṣṣirū |
yumaṣṣirū | |||
f | tumaṣṣirī |
tumaṣṣira |
تُمَصِّرَا tumaṣṣirā |
tumaṣṣirna |
yumaṣṣirna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔumaṣṣir |
tumaṣṣir |
yumaṣṣir |
تُمَصِّرَا tumaṣṣirā |
يُمَصِّرَا yumaṣṣirā |
numaṣṣir |
tumaṣṣirū |
yumaṣṣirū | |||
f | tumaṣṣirī |
tumaṣṣir |
تُمَصِّرَا tumaṣṣirā |
tumaṣṣirna |
yumaṣṣirna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | maṣṣir |
مَصِّرَا maṣṣirā |
maṣṣirū |
||||||||
f | maṣṣirī |
maṣṣirna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | muṣṣirtu |
muṣṣirta |
muṣṣira |
مُصِّرْتُمَا muṣṣirtumā |
مُصِّرَا muṣṣirā |
muṣṣirnā |
muṣṣirtum |
muṣṣirū | |||
f | muṣṣirti |
muṣṣirat |
مُصِّرَتَا muṣṣiratā |
muṣṣirtunna |
muṣṣirna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔumaṣṣaru |
tumaṣṣaru |
yumaṣṣaru |
تُمَصَّرَانِ tumaṣṣarāni |
يُمَصَّرَانِ yumaṣṣarāni |
numaṣṣaru |
tumaṣṣarūna |
yumaṣṣarūna | |||
f | tumaṣṣarīna |
tumaṣṣaru |
تُمَصَّرَانِ tumaṣṣarāni |
tumaṣṣarna |
yumaṣṣarna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔumaṣṣara |
tumaṣṣara |
yumaṣṣara |
تُمَصَّرَا tumaṣṣarā |
يُمَصَّرَا yumaṣṣarā |
numaṣṣara |
tumaṣṣarū |
yumaṣṣarū | |||
f | tumaṣṣarī |
tumaṣṣara |
تُمَصَّرَا tumaṣṣarā |
tumaṣṣarna |
yumaṣṣarna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔumaṣṣar |
tumaṣṣar |
yumaṣṣar |
تُمَصَّرَا tumaṣṣarā |
يُمَصَّرَا yumaṣṣarā |
numaṣṣar |
tumaṣṣarū |
yumaṣṣarū | |||
f | tumaṣṣarī |
tumaṣṣar |
تُمَصَّرَا tumaṣṣarā |
tumaṣṣarna |
yumaṣṣarna |
Derived terms
- تَمْصِير (tamṣīr, “settlement, civilization, colonization; Egyptianization”)
Etymology 4
Root |
---|
ص ر ر (ṣ-r-r) |
Derived from the active participle of أَصَرّ (ʔaṣarr, “to persist in”).
Adjective
مُصِرّ • (muṣirr) (feminine مُصِرَّة (muṣirra), masculine plural مُصِرُّونَ (muṣirrūna), feminine plural مُصِرَّات (muṣirrāt))
Declension
Singular | Masculine | Feminine | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
basic singular triptote | singular triptote in ـَة (-a) | |||
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
Informal | مُصِرّ muṣirr |
الْمُصِرّ al-muṣirr |
مُصِرَّة muṣirra |
الْمُصِرَّة al-muṣirra |
Nominative | مُصِرٌّ muṣirrun |
الْمُصِرُّ al-muṣirru |
مُصِرَّةٌ muṣirratun |
الْمُصِرَّةُ al-muṣirratu |
Accusative | مُصِرًّا muṣirran |
الْمُصِرَّ al-muṣirra |
مُصِرَّةً muṣirratan |
الْمُصِرَّةَ al-muṣirrata |
Genitive | مُصِرٍّ muṣirrin |
الْمُصِرِّ al-muṣirri |
مُصِرَّةٍ muṣirratin |
الْمُصِرَّةِ al-muṣirrati |
Dual | Masculine | Feminine | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
Informal | مُصِرَّيْن muṣirrayn |
الْمُصِرَّيْن al-muṣirrayn |
مُصِرَّتَيْن muṣirratayn |
الْمُصِرَّتَيْن al-muṣirratayn |
Nominative | مُصِرَّانِ muṣirrāni |
الْمُصِرَّانِ al-muṣirrāni |
مُصِرَّتَانِ muṣirratāni |
الْمُصِرَّتَانِ al-muṣirratāni |
Accusative | مُصِرَّيْنِ muṣirrayni |
الْمُصِرَّيْنِ al-muṣirrayni |
مُصِرَّتَيْنِ muṣirratayni |
الْمُصِرَّتَيْنِ al-muṣirratayni |
Genitive | مُصِرَّيْنِ muṣirrayni |
الْمُصِرَّيْنِ al-muṣirrayni |
مُصِرَّتَيْنِ muṣirratayni |
الْمُصِرَّتَيْنِ al-muṣirratayni |
Plural | Masculine | Feminine | ||
sound masculine plural | sound feminine plural | |||
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
Informal | مُصِرِّين muṣirrīn |
الْمُصِرِّين al-muṣirrīn |
مُصِرَّات muṣirrāt |
الْمُصِرَّات al-muṣirrāt |
Nominative | مُصِرُّونَ muṣirrūna |
الْمُصِرُّونَ al-muṣirrūna |
مُصِرَّاتٌ muṣirrātun |
الْمُصِرَّاتُ al-muṣirrātu |
Accusative | مُصِرِّينَ muṣirrīna |
الْمُصِرِّينَ al-muṣirrīna |
مُصِرَّاتٍ muṣirrātin |
الْمُصِرَّاتِ al-muṣirrāti |
Genitive | مُصِرِّينَ muṣirrīna |
الْمُصِرِّينَ al-muṣirrīna |
مُصِرَّاتٍ muṣirrātin |
الْمُصِرَّاتِ al-muṣirrāti |
References
- Wehr, Hans (1979) “مصر”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN
Hijazi Arabic
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ma.sˤur/, [ma.sˤʊr], [ma.sˤɯr]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /mu.sˤirr/, [mʊ.sˤɪrr]
Adjective
مُصِرّ • (muṣirr) (feminine مُصِرَّة (muṣirra), common plural مُصِرِّين (muṣirrīn))
Ottoman Turkish
Derived terms
- مصر طورنهسی (Mısır turnası, “sacred ibis”)
- مصرلو (Mısırlı, “Egyptian”)
Descendants
References
- Redhouse, James W. (1890) “مصر”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1877
Pashto
Pronunciation
- (rare) IPA(key): /mɪsɾ/
- IPA(key): /mis.ar/
Persian
Pronunciation
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [misɾ]
- (Dari, formal) IPA(key): [mɪsɾ]
- (Kabuli) IPA(key): [mɪsɾ]
- (Hazaragi) IPA(key): [misɾ]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [mesɹ]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [misɾ]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | misr |
Dari reading? | misr |
Iranian reading? | mesr |
Tajik reading? | misr |
Proper noun
Dari | مصر |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | |
Tajik | Миср |
مِصْر • (mesr)
- Egypt (a country in Africa)
- 1611, ʿAbd al-Sattār ibn Qāsim Lāhōrī, مجالس جهانگیری [Majālis-i Jahāngīrī]:
- این كمترین مریدان حكایتی از جنگ كردن سلطان صالحالدین مصر به فرنگیان كه از غرابت خالی نبوده به عرض اقـدس مـیرسانید.
- īn kamtarīn murīdān hikāyatē az jang kardan-i sultān sālah-ad-dīn-i misr ba farangīyān ki az ğurābat xālī na-būda ba arz-i aqdas mē-rasānīd.
- We humblest servants told a story in his imperial presence about the war that Sultan Saladin of Egypt had waged against the Crusaders, which was not devoid of marvels.
- (archaic) Cairo (the capital and largest city of Egypt)
Derived terms
Descendants
- Dari: مِصْر (misr)
- Iranian Persian: مِصْر (mesr)
- Tajik: Миср (Misr)
- → Assamese: মিছৰ (misor), মিচৰ (misor)
- → Bengali: মিশর (miśor), মিসর (miśor)
- → Gujarati: મિસર (misar)
- → Hindustani:
- → Kashmiri: مِصر
- → Kazakh: Мысыр (Mysyr)
- → Marathi: मिसर (misar)
- → Nepali: मिस्र (misra)
- → Odia: ମିଶର (miśôrô), ମିଶର୍ (miśôr), ମିଶ୍ର (miśrô)
- → Punjabi:
Pronunciation
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [moˈsiɾɾ]
- (Dari, formal) IPA(key): [mosɪ́rr]
- (Kabuli) IPA(key): [mosɪ́rr]
- (Hazaragi) IPA(key): [mosírr]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [moséɹɹ]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [mosíɾɾ]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | mosirr |
Dari reading? | mosirr |
Iranian reading? | moserr |
Tajik reading? | mosirr |
Punjabi
Pronunciation
- (Standard Punjabi) IPA(key): /mɪsəɾə̆/
Proper noun
مِصَر • (miṣar) f (Gurmukhi spelling ਮਿਸਰ)
- Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)
South Levantine Arabic
Root |
---|
م ص ر |
3 terms |
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /masˤr/, [ˈmɑ.sˤ(ɪ)rˤ]
Audio (Ramallah) (file)
Urdu
Picture dictionary | |||||
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Etymology
Borrowed from Classical Persian مِصْر (misr), from Arabic مِصْر (miṣr).
Pronunciation
- (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /mɪsɾ/, /mɪ.səɾ/
Audio (Pakistan) (file) - Rhymes: -ɪsɾ, -əɾ
Proper noun
مِصْر • (misr) f (Hindi spelling मिस्र)
- Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)
- 2004, مرزا طاہر احمد [Mirza Tahir Ahmad], رَبِّ اِنِّی لِمَا اَنزَلتَ اِلَیَّ مِن خَیر فَقِیر (poetry), quoted in کلامِ طاہر [Kalam-e-Tahir], pages 99-100:
- مصر جانے کو جی مچلتا ہے
- miṣr jāne ko jī macaltā hai
- My heart yearns to go to Egypt
- (by extension) cities south of Cairo in Egypt.
- (figuratively) Cairo (a city in Egypt).
See also
- (Middle East) مَشْرِقِ وُسْطیٰ (maśriq-i vustā); سَعُودی عَرَب (sa'ūdī 'arab), مِصْر (misr) عِراق ('irāq), اِیران (īrān), اُرْدُن (urdun), شام (śām), تُرْکِی (turkī), قَبْرَص (qabras) فِلِسْطِین (filistīn) اِسْرائیِل (isrāyil) لِبْنان (libnān) یَمَن (yaman) عُمان ('umān) مُتَّحِدَہ عَرَب اِمارات (muttahida 'arab imārāt) قَطَر (qatar) بَحْرِین (bahrīn) کُوَیْت (kuvayt) (Category: ur:Middle East)
Noun
مِصْر • (misr) f (Hindi spelling मिस्र)
Further reading
- “مصر”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
- “مصر”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.
- Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “مصر”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
- Platts, John T. (1884) “مصر”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
- John Shakespear (1834) “مصر”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC