ḥwꜣ

Egyptian

Pronunciation
 
  • (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈħaːwaʀ/ → /ˈħaːwaʀ/ → /ˈħaːwə/ → /ħoːw/

Verb

 3-lit.

  1. (intransitive) to rot, to be(come) putrid
    • c. 1900 BCE – 1839 BCE, Coffin Texts, version B1C (coffin of Sepi III, Cairo CG 28083) spell 755:[1]







      wrḏ ꜥwt m ws(j)r nj wrḏ zpwj snwj nj ḥwꜣ.sn ꜣd.sn nj [bn.sn nj][2] jr mw ḏw
      The limbs in Osiris are weary, but won’t be weary, won’t be weary, they won’t putrefy or decay, [they] won’t [swell up, won’t] make foul fluid (literally, “evil water”).

Inflection
Conjugation of ḥwꜣ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ḥwꜣ, geminated stem: ḥwꜣꜣ
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
ḥwꜣ
 ḥwꜣw, ḥwꜣ
 ḥwꜣt
 ḥwꜣ
 ḥwꜣ
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
ḥwꜣ
 ḥr ḥwꜣ
 m ḥwꜣ
 r ḥwꜣ
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active contingent
aspect / mood active
perfect ḥwꜣ.n
 consecutive ḥwꜣ.jn
terminative ḥwꜣt
perfective3 ḥwꜣ
 obligative1 ḥwꜣ.ḫr
imperfective ḥwꜣ
prospective3 ḥwꜣ
 potentialis1 ḥwꜣ.kꜣ
subjunctive ḥwꜣ
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active active passive
perfect ḥwꜣ.n
 — —
perfective ḥwꜣ
 ḥwꜣ
 ḥwꜣ, ḥwꜣw5, ḥwꜣy5
imperfective ḥwꜣ, ḥwꜣy, ḥwꜣw5
 ḥwꜣ, ḥwꜣj6, ḥwꜣy6
 ḥwꜣ, ḥwꜣw5
prospective ḥwꜣ, ḥwꜣtj7
 ḥwꜣtj4, ḥwꜣt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.

Derived terms

Descendants
  • Demotic: ḥw

References
  • James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 290.
  1. de Buck, Adriaan (1956) The Egyptian Coffin Texts, volume VI, page 384 i–l
  2. Faulkner, Raymond (1977) The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts, volume 2, pages 288–289
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