たり

Japanese

Etymology 1

From the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) of the classical tari below.

Particle

たり • (tari) 

  1. Shows examples of actions or states.
    テレビを見(み)たり、パソコンをしたりしている。
    Terebi o mitari, pasokon o shitari shite iru.
    I'm (doing things like) watching TV and playing on the computer.
Usage notes

Attaches to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verbs, adjectives, and nominals, in the same way as the past/perfective ending た (ta). (The result is segmentally identical to the past/perfective form + ri.)

This word is morphologically an inflectional suffix. It is classified as 助詞 (joshi, “auxiliary word; particle”) in traditional Japanese grammar.

Etymology 2

/-te ari/ → /-tari/

Contraction of て (te), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of the classical perfective つ (tsu), and あり (ari, “to be; to exist”).

Suffix

たり • (-tari) †-ri

  1. (Classical Japanese) Used to form the stative of verbs.
    時(とき)は来(き)たり！
    Toki wa kitari!
    It's time!
Usage notes

This word is morphologically an inflectional suffix. It is classified as 助動詞 (jodōshi, “auxiliary verb”) in traditional Japanese grammar.

Conjugation
Classical conjugation of "たり" (ラ行変格活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) たらtara
Continuative (連用形) たりtari
Terminal (終止形) たりtari
Attributive (連体形) たるtaru
Realis (已然形) たれtare
Imperative (命令形) たれtare
Derived terms
  • た (-ta, past or perfective)
  • たら (-tara, conditional)
  • たり (-tari) (above)

Etymology 3

/-to ari/ → /-tari/

Contraction of the case particle と (to) and the verb あり (ari, “to be; to exist”).

Verb

たり • (tari) †-ri

  1. (Classical Japanese or archaic) to be
    処(しょ)女(じょ)たる女(め)神(がみ)
    shojo taru megami
    virgin goddess
    一瞬(いっしゅん)たりともできない
    isshun tari tomo dekinai
    (modern language, literary) cannot do it even for a moment
Conjugation
Classical conjugation of "たり" (タリ活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) たらtara
Continuative (連用形) と[1]
たり[2]		to
tari
Terminal (終止形) たりtari
Attributive (連体形) たるtaru
Realis (已然形) たれtare
Imperative (命令形) たれtare
Key constructions
Negative たらずtarazu
Contrasting conjunction たれどtaredo
Causal conjunction たればtareba
Conditional conjunction たらばtaraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) たりきtariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) たりけりtarikeri
Adverbial とto
[1]Without auxiliary verb.
[2]With auxiliary verb.

In modern Japanese, the continuative と (to) or として (to shite) and the adnominal たる (taru) are used with the so-called -tari adjectives.

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