歯向かう

Japanese
Kanji in this term
歯 向
は
Grade: 3		 む
Grade: 3
kun’yomi
Alternative spellings
齒向かう (kyūjitai)
刃向かう
歯向う

Etymology

Compound of 歯 +‎ 向かう, literally "to face (someone) with teeth"; 刃(は) (ha) can also be used, literally "carrying a blade to face (someone)"

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) はむか​う [hàmúkáꜜù] (Nakadaka – [3])[1]
  • IPA(key): [ha̠mɯ̟ᵝka̠ɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

歯(は)向(む)かう • (hamukau) intransitive godan (stem 歯(は)向(む)かい (hamukai), past 歯(は)向(む)かった (hamukatta))

  1. (idiomatic) to strike back at, to bite back, to resist, to defy, to disobey
    Synonyms: 抵抗する, 手向かう, 敵対する
    強力(きょうりょく)な相手(あいて)に歯向(はむ)かうことができる
    kyōryoku na aite ni hamukau koto ga dekiru
    to be able to resist a strong opponent
  2. (of dogs, etc...) showing teeth with an intent to bite

Conjugation
Conjugation of "歯向かう" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 歯向かわ はむかわ hamukawa
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 歯向かい はむかい hamukai
Shūshikei ("terminal") 歯向かう はむかう hamukau
Rentaikei ("attributive") 歯向かう はむかう hamukau
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 歯向かえ はむかえ hamukae
Meireikei ("imperative") 歯向かえ はむかえ hamukae
Key constructions
Passive 歯向かわれる はむかわれる hamukawareru
Causative 歯向かわせる
歯向かわす		 はむかわせる
はむかわす		 hamukawaseru
hamukawasu
Potential 歯向かえる はむかえる hamukaeru
Volitional 歯向かおう はむかおう hamukaō
Negative 歯向かわない はむかわない hamukawanai
Negative continuative 歯向かわず はむかわず hamukawazu
Formal 歯向かいます はむかいます hamukaimasu
Perfective 歯向かった はむかった hamukatta
Conjunctive 歯向かって はむかって hamukatte
Hypothetical conditional 歯向かえば はむかえば hamukaeba

References
  1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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