๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ
Prakrit
Alternative forms
- ๐๐ธ๐ค๐ฎ (kฤdala) โ Magadhi (see there for further descendants)
- ๐๐ธ๐ ๐ญ (kฤara) โ Maharastri (see there for further descendants)
- ๐๐ธ๐ค๐ญ (kฤdara) โ Sauraseni (see there for further descendants)
Etymology
Inherited from Sanskrit ๐๐ธ๐ข๐ญ (kฤtara).
Adjective
๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ (kฤyara) (Devanagari เคเคพเคฏเคฐ) (Ardhamagadhi)
- timid, cowardly
- Prฤkแนta-sลซkta-ratna-mฤlฤ 58:
- ๐๐-๐๐บ๐ฌ ๐ฏ๐บ๐ณ๐บ๐ก๐ธ ๐ฎ๐บ๐ณ๐บ๐
๐ ๐ข๐-๐๐บ๐ฌ ๐ง๐ญ๐บ๐ก๐ซ๐ ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ฎ-๐ฎ๐๐๐ฒ๐๐ฒ๐
๐๐ฌ ๐๐ธ๐ก๐๐ฏ๐บ-๐ณ๐ผ ๐ฅ๐ป๐ญ๐ธ ๐ฏ๐บ๐ณ๐ผ๐ญ๐๐ฏ๐บ ๐ฆ ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ ๐ณ๐ผ๐๐ข๐บ๐- jaแน-ciya vihiแนฤ lihiaแน taแน-ciya pariแนamaรฏ sayala-logassa.
iya jฤแนevi-hu dhฤซrฤ vihurevi na kฤyarฤ huแนti.
- 1919 translation by Puran Chand Nahar
- Knowing that whatever is written by destiny, comes to pass all persons,
the wise though in a difficulty, never become depressed.
- Knowing that whatever is written by destiny, comes to pass all persons,
- jaแน-ciya vihiแนฤ lihiaแน taแน-ciya pariแนamaรฏ sayala-logassa.
- ๐๐-๐๐บ๐ฌ ๐ฏ๐บ๐ณ๐บ๐ก๐ธ ๐ฎ๐บ๐ณ๐บ๐
๐ ๐ข๐-๐๐บ๐ฌ ๐ง๐ญ๐บ๐ก๐ซ๐ ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ฎ-๐ฎ๐๐๐ฒ๐๐ฒ๐
Declension
| Maharastri declension of ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ (masculine) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| Nominative | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ (kฤyaro) | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ (kฤyarฤ) |
| Accusative | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ (kฤyaraแน) | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ (kฤyare) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ (kฤyarฤ) |
| Instrumental | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐๐ก (kฤyareแนa) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐๐ก๐ (kฤyareแนaแน) | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐๐ณ๐บ (kฤyarehi) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐๐ณ๐บ๐ (kฤyarehiแน) |
| Dative | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤa) | โ |
| Ablative | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤo) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤu) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ (kฤyarฤ) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ณ๐บ (kฤyarฤhi) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ณ๐บ๐๐ข๐ (kฤyarฤhiแนto) | โ |
| Genitive | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ฒ๐๐ฒ (kฤyarassa) | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ก (kฤyarฤแนa) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ก๐ (kฤyarฤแนaแน) |
| Locative | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ซ๐บ (kฤyarammi) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ (kฤyare) | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐๐ฒ๐ผ (kฤyaresu) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐๐ฒ๐ผ๐ (kฤyaresuแน) |
| Vocative | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ (kฤyara) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ (kฤyarฤ) | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ (kฤyarฤ) |
| Maharastri declension of ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ (feminine) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| Nominative | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ (kฤyarฤ) | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤo) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤu) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ (kฤyarฤ) |
| Accusative | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ (kฤyaraแน) | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤo) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤu) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ (kฤyarฤ) |
| Instrumental | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤe) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤi) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤa) | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ณ๐บ (kฤyarฤhi) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ณ๐บ๐ (kฤyarฤhiแน) |
| Dative | โ | โ |
| Ablative | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤo) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤu) | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ณ๐บ๐๐ข๐ (kฤyarฤhiแนto) |
| Genitive | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤe) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤi) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤa) | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ก (kฤyarฤแนa) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ก๐ (kฤyarฤแนaแน) |
| Locative | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤe) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤi) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤa) | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ฒ๐ผ (kฤyarฤsu) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ฒ๐ผ๐ (kฤyarฤsuแน) |
| Vocative | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ (kฤyare) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ (kฤyarฤ) | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤo) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤu) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ (kฤyarฤ) |
| Maharastri declension of ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ (neuter) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| Nominative | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ (kฤyaraแน) | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐๐ (kฤyarฤiแน) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤi) |
| Accusative | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ (kฤyaraแน) | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐๐ (kฤyarฤiแน) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤi) |
| Instrumental | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐๐ก (kฤyareแนa) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐๐ก๐ (kฤyareแนaแน) | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐๐ณ๐บ (kฤyarehi) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐๐ณ๐บ๐ (kฤyarehiแน) |
| Dative | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤa) | โ |
| Ablative | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤo) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤu) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ (kฤyarฤ) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ณ๐บ (kฤyarฤhi) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ณ๐บ๐๐ข๐ (kฤyarฤhiแนto) | โ |
| Genitive | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ฒ๐๐ฒ (kฤyarassa) | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ก (kฤyarฤแนa) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ก๐ (kฤyarฤแนaแน) |
| Locative | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ซ๐บ (kฤyarammi) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ (kฤyare) | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐๐ฒ๐ผ (kฤyaresu) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐๐ฒ๐ผ๐ (kฤyaresuแน) |
| Vocative | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ (kฤyara) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ (kฤyarฤ) | ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐๐ (kฤyarฤiแน) or ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ธ๐ (kฤyarฤi) |
Derived terms
- ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐ญ๐บ๐ฌ (kฤyariya)
Descendants
- Dogri: kฤyar
- Devanagari script: เคเคพเคฏเคฐ
- Dogra script: ๐ ๐ ฌ๐ ฃ๐ ค
- Nepali: เคเคพเคฏเคฐ (kฤyar)
- Old Punjabi: เจเจพเจเจฐเฉ (kฤiru)
- Punjabi:
- Gurmukhi script: เจเจพเจเจฐ (kฤira)
- Shahmukhi script: ฺฉุงุฆุฑ (โซkฤ'irโฌ)
- Punjabi:
- Sindhi: kฤฬiru
- Arabic script: ฺชูุงูุฆูุฑู
- Devanagari script: เคเคพเคเคเคฐเฅ
- Khudawadi script: ๐บ๐ ๐๐ฒ๐๐ฃ
References
- Sheth, Hargovind Das T[rikamcand] (1923-1928) โเคเคพเคฏเคฐโ, in เคชเคพเคเค -เคธเคฆเฅเคฆ-เคฎเคนเคฃเฅเคฃเคตเฅ [Pฤia-Sadda-Mahaแนแนavo; lit. Ocean of Prakrit words] (in Hindi), Calcutta: [Published by the Author], page 237.
- Pischel, Richard, Jha, Subhadra (contributor) (1957) Comparative Grammar of the Prakrit Languages, Varanasi: Motilal Banarasidass, page 154.
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969โ1985) โkฤyaraโ, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 154
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