-오
Korean
Etymology
See the main entry.
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [o̞]
- Phonetic hangul: [오]
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | o |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | o |
| McCune–Reischauer? | o |
| Yale Romanization? | o |
Suffix
오 • (-o)
- Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of 소 (-so, “semi-formal style sentence-final suffix”).
Usage notes
- For comments regarding the relationship between 소 (-so) and 오 (-o) in the imperative mood, see "Usage notes" at 소 (-so).
Middle Korean
Etymology 2
Lenition in voiced environments. See Appendix:Koreanic reconstructions for more.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɣó/
Suffix
오〮 (-Gwó)
- Lenited allomorphic form of 고〮 (-kwó, verbal connective suffix) (in certain voiced environments)
Usage notes
Etymology 3
Lenition in voiced environments. See Appendix:Koreanic reconstructions for more.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /(ɣ)ó/
Particle
오〮 (-(G)wó)
- Lenited allomorphic form of 고〮 (-kwo, non-polar interrogative marker) (in certain voiced environments)
Usage notes
- This allomorph is obligatory after /-j/, /-i/, or /-l/ (note that the irrealis suffix /-lQ/ is excluded here). It sometimes appears before other vowels as well.[1]
- It was sometimes pronounced as /-ɣo/ and sometimes as /-o/, as can be perceived from orthographic variation between e.g. ᄒᆞ리〮오〮 (hò-lí-Gwó) and ᄒᆞ료〮 (hò-ly-wó).
See also
| Middle Korean sentence enders | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Form | Mood | Notes | Applied to 셔 (sye-, “to stand”) | ||||
| 다〮 (-tá) 라〮 (-lá) | Declarative | Unmarked | 셔다〮 (Yale: syètá) | ||||
| 우〮마〮 (-wúmá) | Promissive | 셔우〮마〮 (Yale: syèwúmá) | |||||
| ㄴ (-n) | 다〮 (-tá) | Interrogative | Realis | Obligatory for second-person (2P) subject | 션다〮 (Yale: syèntá) | ||
| 가〮 (-ka) | Polar question, non-2P subject | 션가〮 (Yale: syènká) | |||||
| 고〮 (-kwo) | Wh-word question, non-2P subject | 션고〮 (Yale: syènkwó) | |||||
| ㅭ (-lq) | 다〮 (-tá) | Irrealis | Obligatory for 2P subject | 셜따〮 (Yale: syèlttá) | |||
| 가〮 (-ká) | Polar question, non-2P subject | 셜까〮 (Yale: syèlkká) | |||||
| 고〮 (-kwó) | Wh-word question, non-2P subject | 셜꼬〮 (Yale: syèlkkwó) | |||||
| 니〮 (-ní-) | 아〮 (-Gá) | Realis | Non-honorific | Polar question | 셔니〮아〮 (Yale: syèníGá), 셔녀〮 (Yale: syènyé) | ||
| 오〮 (-Gwó) | Non-polar question | 셔니〮오〮 (Yale: syèníGwó), 셔뇨〮 (Yale: syènywó) | |||||
| ㅅ (-s-) | 가〮 (-ká) | Deferential | No polarity distinction | 셔닛〮가〮 (Yale: syèníská) | |||
| ᅌᅵᆺ (-ngìs-) | Highly deferential | 셔니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (Yale: syèníngìská) | |||||
| 리〮 (-lí-) | 아〮 (-Gá) | Irrealis | Non-honorific | Polar question | 셔리〮아〮 (Yale: syèlíGá), 셔려〮 (Yale: syèlyé) | ||
| 오〮 (-Gwó) | Non-polar question | 셔리〮오〮 (Yale: syèlíGwó), 셔료〮 (Yale: syèlywó) | |||||
| ㅅ (-s-) | 가〮 (-ká) | Deferential | No polarity distinction | 셔릿〮가〮 (Yale: syèlíská) | |||
| ᅌᅵᆺ (-ngìs-) | Highly deferential | 셔리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (Yale: syèlíngìská) | |||||
| 라〮 (-lá) | Imperative | Ordering | Non-honorific | 셔라〮 (Yale: syèlá) | |||
| 아〮쎠〮 (-ássyé) 어〮쎠〮 (-éssyé) | Deferential | 셔〮쎠〮 (Yale: syéssyé) | |||||
| 쇼〮셔〮 (-syósyé) | Highly deferential | 셔쇼〮셔〮 (Yale: syèsyósyé) | |||||
| 고〮 (-kwó-) 오〮 (-Gwó-) | 라〮 (-lá) | Requesting | Non-honorific | 셔고〮라〮 (Yale: syèkwólá) | |||
| 려〮 (-lyé) | Deferential | 셔고〮려〮 (Yale: syèkwólyé) | |||||
| ᅌᅵ (-ngì-) | 다〮 (-tá) | Highly deferential | 셔고〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (Yale: syèkwóngìtá) | ||||
| 져〮 (-cyé) | Propositive | Plain | 셔져〮 (Yale: syècyé) | ||||
| 사〮 (-sá-) | ᅌᅵ (-ngì-) | 다〮 (-tá) | Deferential | 셔사〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (Yale: syèsángìtá) | |||
| ㄴ (-n) | 뎌〮 (-tyé) | Exclamatory | Self-honoring | 션뎌〮 (Yale: syèntyé) | |||
| ㅭ (-lq) | 셔〮 (-syé) | 셜쎠〮 (Yale: syèlssyé) | |||||
| 고〮나〮 (-kwóná) | Only sixteenth century | 셔고〮나〮 (Yale: syèkwóná) | |||||
| Based on 나찬연 2020, 중세 국어의 이해; Lee and Ramsey 2011, History of the Korean Language. Morphological segmentation of the verbal paradigm sometimes differs between analyses. The list is not exhaustive. | |||||||
References
- Lee, Ki-Moon, Ramsey, S. Robert (2011) A History of the Korean Language, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 145
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