< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/akaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈɑ.kɑ.nɑ̃/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti, from *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”). Cognate with Latin agō (“drive”), Ancient Greek ἄγω (ágō, “direct, drive, lead, draw, go”), Sanskrit अजति (ájati, “he drives”).

Verb

*akaną[1][2][3]

  1. to drive, sail, navigate
Inflection
Conjugation of *akaną (strong class 6)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *akō*akaų—*akai ?
2nd singular *akizi*akaiz*ak*akazai*akaizau
3rd singular *akidi*akai*akadau*akadai*akaidau
1st dual *akōz*akaiw———
2nd dual *akadiz*akaidiz*akadiz——
1st plural *akamaz*akaim—*akandai*akaindau
2nd plural *akid*akaid*akid*akandai*akaindau
3rd plural *akandi*akain*akandau*akandai*akaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *ōk*ōkį̄
2nd singular *ōht*ōkīz
3rd singular *ōk*ōkī
1st dual *ōkū*ōkīw
2nd dual *ōkudiz*ōkīdiz
1st plural *ōkum*ōkīm
2nd plural *ōkud*ōkīd
3rd plural *ōkun*ōkīn
present past
participles *akandz*akanaz
  • *ēkaną
Descendants
  • Old Norse: aka
    • Icelandic: aka
    • Faroese: aka
    • Norwegian:
      • Norwegian Nynorsk: aka, ake
      • Norwegian Bokmål: ake, åke
    • Dalian: aka
    • Old Swedish: aka
    • Scanian: aga
    • Old Danish: akæ
    • Gutnish: ake
    • → Scots: oag, hoag; aik
    • → English: aik (Northern England, Scotland, rare)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eg- (“sin, crime”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄγος (ágos, “curse, blood-guilt, penance”), Sanskrit आगस् (ā́gas, “offence, injury, sin, fault”). According to Orel, "[d]espite the semantic discrepancy, these forms are historically identical", referring to the verb for the 'drive' described above and referencing Seebold, p.74-5.[2]

Verb

*akaną[4][2][5]

  1. (West Germanic) to ache
Inflection
Conjugation of *akaną (strong class 6)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *akō*akaų—*akai ?
2nd singular *akizi*akaiz*ak*akazai*akaizau
3rd singular *akidi*akai*akadau*akadai*akaidau
1st dual *akōz*akaiw———
2nd dual *akadiz*akaidiz*akadiz——
1st plural *akamaz*akaim—*akandai*akaindau
2nd plural *akid*akaid*akid*akandai*akaindau
3rd plural *akandi*akain*akandau*akandai*akaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *ōk*ōkį̄
2nd singular *ōht*ōkīz
3rd singular *ōk*ōkī
1st dual *ōkū*ōkīw
2nd dual *ōkudiz*ōkīdiz
1st plural *ōkum*ōkīm
2nd plural *ōkud*ōkīd
3rd plural *ōkun*ōkīn
present past
participles *akandz*akanaz
Descendants

References
  1. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*akan- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 18
  2. Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*akanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 11
  3. Seebold, Elmar (1970) “AK-A- 1”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 74
  4. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*akan- 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 18
  5. Seebold, Elmar (1970) “AK-A- 2”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 75
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