< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hardulīkaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *harduz (“hard”) +‎ *-līkaz.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈhɑr.ðu.liː.kɑz/

Adjective

*hardulīkaz[1]

  1. severe
  2. tenacious

Inflection
Declension of *hardulīkaz (a-stem)
strong declension
masculine feminine neuter
singular plural singular plural singular plural
nominative *hardulīkaz *hardulīkai *hardulīkō *hardulīkôz *hardulīką, *-at(ō) *hardulīkō
accusative *hardulīkanǭ *hardulīkanz *hardulīkǭ *hardulīkōz *hardulīką, *-at(ō) *hardulīkō
genitive *hardulīkas, *hardulīkis *hardulīkaizǫ̂ *hardulīkaizōz *hardulīkaizǫ̂ *hardulīkas, *hardulīkis *hardulīkaizǫ̂
dative *hardulīkammai *hardulīkaimaz *hardulīkaizōi *hardulīkaimaz *hardulīkammai *hardulīkaimaz
instrumental *hardulīkanō *hardulīkaimiz *hardulīkaizō *hardulīkaimiz *hardulīkanō *hardulīkaimiz
weak declension
masculine feminine neuter
singular plural singular plural singular plural
nominative *hardulīkô *hardulīkaniz *hardulīkǭ *hardulīkōniz *hardulīkô *hardulīkōnō
accusative *hardulīkanų *hardulīkanunz *hardulīkōnų *hardulīkōnunz *hardulīkô *hardulīkōnō
genitive *hardulīkiniz *hardulīkanǫ̂ *hardulīkōniz *hardulīkōnǫ̂ *hardulīkiniz *hardulīkanǫ̂
dative *hardulīkini *hardulīkammaz *hardulīkōni *hardulīkōmaz *hardulīkini *hardulīkammaz
instrumental *hardulīkinē *hardulīkammiz *hardulīkōnē *hardulīkōmiz *hardulīkinē *hardulīkammiz


Descendants
  • Old English: heardlīċ
  • Old High German: hartlīh
  • Old Norse: harðligr
    • Old Norse: harðlegur

References
  1. Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*xardu-līkaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 162
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