Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵónu

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Noun

*ǵónu n[1][2]

knee

Inflection

Athematic, proterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*ǵónu
genitive	*ǵnéws
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ǵónu	*ǵónwih₁	*ǵónuh₂
vocative	*ǵónu	*ǵónwih₁	*ǵónuh₂
accusative	*ǵónu	*ǵónwih₁	*ǵónuh₂
genitive	*ǵnéws	*?	*ǵnéwoHom
ablative	*ǵnéws	*?	*ǵnúmos
dative	*ǵnéwey	*?	*ǵnúmos
locative	ǵnéw, ǵnéwi	*?	*ǵnúsu
instrumental	*ǵnúh₁	*?	*ǵnúmis

Derived terms

*ǵénw-eh₂
- Proto-Celtic: *genwā (“(river) bend”)
  - → Latin: Genava (toponym)
    - → English: Geneva
  - → Latin: Genua (toponym) (see there for further descendants)
    - → English: Genoa
*ǵnéw-o-m[1]
- Proto-Germanic: *knewą[3] (see there for further descendants)
*ǵnu-nó-s[3]
- Proto-Albanian: *gluna (< earlier *gnuna)[4]
  - Albanian: glû
    - Albanian: gju, gjû
*ǵnu-tó-s
- *ǵnút-tu-s[5]
  - Proto-Germanic: *knussuz[5]
    - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *knussijaną (“to kneel”)[5]
      - Gothic: 𐌺𐌽𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (knussjan)
- *ǵnut-néh₂-ti (*néh₂-present)[5]
  - Proto-Germanic: *knuttōną (“to swat”)[5] (see there for further descendants)
*ǵnuh₂-nó-s (< plural *ǵónuh₂)
- Proto-Celtic: *glūnos (< earlier *gnūnos)[6] (see there for further descendants)
*ǵnus-ró-s
- *ǵnusr-yé-ti (“to kneel”, yé-denomitive)[7]
  - Proto-Anatolian:
    - Hittite: 𒄀𒉡𒍑𒊭𒊑𒊍𒍣 (ge-nu-uš-ša-ri-az-zi)
*ǵonw-ó-s[3]
- Proto-Hellenic: *gonwós[8]
  - Ancient Greek: γουνός (gounós)
  - ⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *gónwatos[8]
    - Ancient Greek: γόνατος (gónatos, gen.sg.), γόνυ (gónu, “knee; plant node”, nom.sg.)
      - Greek: γόνατο (gónato)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ծունգք (cungkʻ), ծունկք (cunkkʻ, plural)
- Proto-Hellenic: *gonwía[9]
  - Ancient Greek: γωνία (gōnía, “corner”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γνύξ (gnúx)
- Illyrian:
  - → Ancient Greek: Γενουσία (Genousía) (toponym)
  - → Latin: Genusia (toponym)
    - → Italian: Ginosa, (dialectal) Genòse
- Illyrian:
  - → Ancient Greek: Γενούσιος (Genoúsios) (toponym)
- Illyrian:
  - → Ancient Greek: Γενοῦσος (Genoûsos) (toponym)
    - → Latin: Genusus, Genōsus

Descendants

Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite: 𒄀𒂊𒉡 (ge-e-nu /⁠gēnu⁠/, nom.-acc.sg), (/ganu-/ in oblique cases)[7]
Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ծունր (cunr)
Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- >? Proto-Slavic: *zveno
  - Bulgarian: звено́ (zvenó)
  - Russian: звено́ (zvenó)
Proto-Hellenic: *gónu
- Ancient Greek: γόνυ (gónu)
  - Greek: γόνατο (gónato)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ā́nu (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *genū[10] (< instrumental *ǵénuh₁)
- Latin: genū (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Tocharian: *kenw-[11]
- *kenwäi (dual)
  - Tocharian A: kanweṃ (dual)
  - Tocharian B: keni (dual)

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959) “g̑enu-, g̑neu-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 380-381
Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*knewa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 296
Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “gju ~ gjû”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 137
Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*knussjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 298
Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*glūnos-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 162
Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “^(UZU)genu- / ganu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 540-541
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “γόνυ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 283
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “γωνία”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 294
De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “genu, -ūs”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 259
Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “keni”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 205-206

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[IEW-1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “g̑enu-, g̑neu-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 380-381

[2] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[Kroonen_knewa-3] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*knewa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 296

[4] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “gju ~ gjû”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 137

[Kroonen_knussjan-5] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*knussjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 298

[Matasovic-6] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*glūnos-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 162

[Kloekhorst2008-7] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “^(UZU)genu- / ganu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 540-541

[Beekes-8] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “γόνυ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 283

[9] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “γωνία”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 294

[10] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “genu, -ūs”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 259

[11] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “keni”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 205-206