Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/der-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*derH-[1]

Root

*der-[1]

to split, to separate
to tear, to crack, to shatter

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *der-‎ (21 c, 0 e)

*dér-ti ~ *dr-énti (root present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *derˀtéi
  - Lithuanian: dérti
  - Proto-Slavic: *dertì (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *teraną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *dérō
  - Ancient Greek: δέρω (dérō)
*dr̥-néH-ti ~ *dr̥-nH-énti (néH-present?)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥náHti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dr̥náHti
    - Sanskrit: दृणाति (dṛṇā́ti)
  - Proto-Iranian: *dr̥náHti
    - Avestan: 𐬛𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (dər^ənəṇti)
    - Khotanese: [script needed] (dar(r)-)
    - Baluchi: درت (dirt, “to tear up”), در (dirr)/ دن (din-)
    - Kurdish:
      Central Kurdish: دڕین (diřīn), دڕ (diř-)
      
      Northern Kurdish: dirîn (dirīn), dir (dir-)
      
      Southern Kurdish: دڕین (diřīn), دڕ (diř-)
    - Zaza-Gorani:
      Gurani: دڕیای (diřāy, “to tear”), در (dir-)
      
      Zazaki: dirnayen (dirnāyan, “to tear off, cut off”), diřa (dirrā-)
    - Middle Persian: (/⁠darrīdan⁠/)
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (SDKWNtn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlytn')
      - Classical Persian: دریدن (darrīdan)
        Dari: دریدن (darrīdan)
        
        Iranian Persian: دریدن (darrīdan)
        
        Tajik: даррӣдан (darrīdan)
    - Lurish:
      - Northern Luri: درنییاْ (derniye)
      - Bakhtiari: درنیڌن (derniđen)
      - Southern Luri: درنیڌن (derniđen)
*dr̥-nh₂-é-ti ~ dr̥-nh₂-é-nti (nh₂-present?)
- Proto-Germanic: *turnaną
  - Gothic: *𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*taurnan) (in 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (aftaurnan), 𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (distaurnan))
*dér-mn̥ ~ dr̥-mnés (deverbal)
- Proto-Hellenic: *dérmə
  - Ancient Greek: δέρμα (dérma)
*dr̥-tis
- Proto-Germanic: *turþiz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *də́rtis
  - Ancient Greek: δάρσις (dársis)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dŕ̥tiš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dŕ̥tiṣ
    - Sanskrit: दृति (dṛ́ti)
*dr̥-nos
- Proto-Celtic: *darnos, *darnā
  - Proto-Brythonic: *darn
    - Middle Breton: darn
    - Cornish: darn
    - Middle Welsh: darn
      - Welsh: darn
  - Gaulish: *darnā
    - → French: darne (“piece, slice of fish”)
- Proto-Germanic: *turnaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Slavic: *dь̀rnъ (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Albanian: djerr
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dírāˀtei
  - Lithuanian: dìrti/dir̃ti
  - Proto-Slavic: *dьràti (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Celtic:
  - Old Irish: drécht (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *trinnaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *trannijaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥Hyátay
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dr̥Hyátay
    - Sanskrit: दीर्यते (dīryáte)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥Hakas (perhaps)
  - Proto-Iranian: *dr̥Hakah
    - Classical Persian: دره (dirra, “skin; a kind of Islamic punishment which related to sewing skin of the sinful person”) [2]

Descendants

Proto-Albanian: *darda
- Albanian: derdh
  - Albanian: dardhë
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dar-
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dar-
  - Sanskrit: दॄ (dṝ)

References

Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
, "دره" (dirra) in Dehkhoda Dictionary.

References

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[Kroonen_2013-1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[2] , "دره" (dirra) in Dehkhoda Dictionary.