Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/melh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*melh₂- (imperfective)[1][2]

to grind, to crush

Extensions

*melh₂-dʰh₁- (“to beat, pound, grind”)
- ⇒? *méldʰeti
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *márdʰati
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *márdʰati
      - Sanskrit: मर्धति (mardhati, “to abandon, neglect”)
- ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *meldǭ (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒? Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: μαλθακός (malthakós)
- ⇒ *meldʰ-n- (“lightning”)
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mildnis
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *mъldni (“lightning”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - Latvian: milna (“hammer of the thunderer”)
  - >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - Old Prussian: mealde (“lightning”)
  - ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *meldunjaz
    - Proto-Norse: *ᛗᛖᛚᛚᚢᚾᛁᚨᛉ (*melluniaʀ)
      - Old Norse: Mjǫllnir (see there for further descendants)
*melh₂-k-
- *ml̥h₂-k-s
  - Proto-Hellenic: *mlāks
    - Ancient Greek: βλάξ (bláx)
- *ml̥h₂-k-os
  - Proto-Hellenic: *məlakos
    - Ancient Greek: μαλακός (malakós)
- Unsorted formations:
  - >? Proto-Celtic:
    - Old Irish: malcad (“rottenness, putrefaction”)
*melh₂-n-
- Proto-Albanian: *melana
  - ⇒ Albanian: mëllë, mullâ
- *mélh₂-n-ye-ti
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek: μελαίνω (melaínō)
- >? *mélh₂-n-s
  - Proto-Hellenic: *mélās
    - Ancient Greek: μέλᾱς (mélās) (see there for further descendants)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *melh₂-‎ (29 c, 0 e)

*mélh₂-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Celtic: *meleti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mélˀtei
  - Latvian: mal̃t
  - Lithuanian: málti
  - Proto-Slavic: *mèlti (see there for further descendants)
*mélh₂-ti (athematic root present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mélˀtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *melti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *melam (see there for further descendants)
*ml̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *ml̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)
- Armenian:
  - >? Old Armenian: մաղեմ (małem)
    - Armenian: մաղել (maġel)
    [3]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥náHti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mr̥náHti
    - Sanskrit: मृणाति (mṛṇā́ti)
*molh₂-e-ti (o-grade root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *malaną (see there for further descendants)
*mélh₂-os
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *málas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *málas
    - Sanskrit: मल (mála)
*melh₂-tlo- (perhaps)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: marculus, martulus (see there for further descendants)
*melh₂-wo-m
- Proto-Albanian: *melwa
  - Albanian: miell
- Proto-Germanic: *melwą (see there for further descendants)
*ml̥h₂-téh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *muldō (see there for further descendants)
*molh₂-eh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *mólā
  - Ancient Greek: μύλη (múlē)
- Proto-Italic: *molā
  - Latin: mola (see there for further descendants)
*molh₂-mo-s
- Proto-Germanic: *malmaz (see there for further descendants)
*melh₂-no-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: malleus (see there for further descendants)
*mélh₂-om
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *málam
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *málam
    - Sanskrit: मलम् (málam)
*molh₂-to-s
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *moltъ (see there for further descendants)
*ml̥h₂- (zero-grade)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mulˀ-kis
  - Latvian: muļķis
  - Lithuanian: mùlkis

Unsorted formations:
- Albanian:
  - Proto-Albanian: *melana
    - Albanian: mëllë, Albanian: mullâ
- Anatolian:[2]
  - Hittite: [script needed] (malla-ⁱ)
  - Luwian: [script needed] (mal(ḫ)u-)
- Armenian:[3]
  - Old Armenian: մալեմ (malem), *մուլ- (*mul-), մամուլ (mamul), մղեղ (młeł)
  - Armenian: մլակ (mlak), մլուկ (mluk), մլիկ (mlik), մղմող (mġmoġ), մղմեղ (mġmeġ), մուղ (muġ)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *mělъ (“finely ground substance, chalk”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Slavic: *malina (“raspberry”) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: málnos (“millet”)
- Proto-Germanic: *mildijaz (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: μελίνη (melínē, “millet”)
- >? Proto-Italic: *meljom
  - Latin: milium (“millet”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: mӓl-

References

De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “molō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 547–548
Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 443–444

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[1] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “molō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[Kloekhorst-2] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 547–548

[Martirosyan-3] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 443–444