Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/terh₂-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/terh₁-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*terh₂-[1][2][3][4][5][6]

to cross over, pass through, overcome

Alternative reconstructions

*ter-[1]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *terh₂-‎ (30 c, 0 e)

*térh₂-e-ti (thematic root present)[2][3][7][8][9]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒋻𒊏𒀜𒋫 (tar-ra-at-ta /⁠tarratta⁠/, 3sg.pres.med.)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárHati (see there for further descendants)

*térh₂-t ~ *tr̥h₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

*térh₂-u-ti ~ *tr̥h₂-w-enti (u-present)

*tḗrh₂-s-t ~ *térh₂-s-n̥t (s-aorist)[9][10]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HátārHst ~ *HátarHsat
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HátārHst ~ *HátarHsat
    - Sanskrit: अतारीत् (átārīt, 3sg.act.), तारिषत् (tāriṣat, 3sg.subj.act.)
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: ततार (tatā́ra)
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: तारयति (tāráyati)[2]
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: तार (tāra)

*tí-terh₂-ti ~ *tí-tr̥h₂-n̥ti (i-reduplicated athematic root present)[2][10][3][7]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *títarHti ~ *títr̥Hati (see there for further descendants)

*tí-tr̥h₂-s-eti (se-desiderative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *títr̥Hsati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *títr̥Hsati
    - Sanskrit: तितीर्षति (titīrṣati)

*torh₂-éye-ti (eye-causative)
- Proto-Iranian: *tarHáyati
  - Old Persian: *tarayati
    - ⇒ Old Persian: 𐎻𐎡𐎹𐎫𐎼/𐎹𐎶 (vi-i-y-t-r/y-m /⁠viyatarayam⁠/, 1sg.caus.inj.act.)

*tr̥h₂-é-ti ("tudati"-type thematic root present)[11][12]
- >? Proto-Albanian: *tra
  - ⇒ Proto-Albanian: *tratja[13] (+ *-atja)
    - Albanian: tras (“to pull”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥Háti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥Háti
    - Sanskrit: तिरति (tiráti, “to bring through”) (or dissimilated from *titiráti[14])
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: तिर (tira)
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: तितिरुर् (titirúr)
- >? Proto-Italic: *trō[3]
  - Latin: *trō
    - ⇒ Latin: intrō (“to enter, go into, penetrate”) (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥h₂-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)[2][3][7][15][16][6]
- >? Proto-Celtic: *taryati[15][17]
  - Proto-Brythonic: *tarðad (“to explode”) (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *tr-n̥-h₂-énti (nasal infix)[18][7]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒋻𒈾𒄿 (tar-na-i /⁠tarnai⁠/)

*térh₂-ih₂
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárHiH
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárHiH
    - Sanskrit: तरी (tarī, “boat”)

*térh₂-mn̥ ~ *tr̥h₂-mén-s[1]
- Proto-Hellenic: *térəmə
  - Ancient Greek: *τέραμα (*térama)[19]
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἀτέραμνος (atéramnos, “hard, stubborn, merciless”)

*térh₂-tu-s ~ *tr̥h₂-téw-s[20][21]
- Proto-Celtic: *trātu (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárHtuš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárHtuṣ
    - Sanskrit: *tárītu
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: दुष्तरीतु (duṣtárītu, “difficult to be passed or overcome”) (+ दुस्- (dus-, “difficult”))

*tr̥h₂-és

*tr̥h₂-nó-s[4][10]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥Hnás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥Hnás
    - Sanskrit: तीर्ण (tīrṇá)

*tr̥h₂-th₂ó-s[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥Htʰám
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥Htʰám
    - Sanskrit: तीर्थ (tīrthá) (see there for further descendants)

Compounds

*tr̥h₂-kʷe or *tr̥h₂-h₃kʷ-
- Proto-Germanic: *þurhw (“through”) (see there for further descendants)

>? *néḱ-t(e)rh₂-s ~ *neḱ-tr̥h₂-és (+ *neḱ- (“to perish”))[22]
- Proto-Hellenic: *néktər
  - Ancient Greek: νέκταρ (néktar)

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959) “4. ter-, terə-:tr̥̄-, trā-, teru-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1074-1075
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*terh₂-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 633-634
Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2023) “*terh₂-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎
Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015) The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 276: “*terh₂-”
Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*terh₂-”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 289
Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “terh₂-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 229: “*terh₂ti; *treh₂i̯e/o-”
Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þerhwe ~ *þurhwe”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 538-539
Elbourne, Paul (2000) “Plain Voiceless Stop plus Laryngeal in Indo-European”, in Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics, volume 113, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →JSTOR, page 13: “*térH₂-e-ti”
Malzahn, Melanie (2016) “Tudáti-presents and the tēzzi Principle”, in Sahasram Ati Srajas. Indo-Iranian and Indo-European Studies in Honor of Stephanie W. Jamison‎, Ann Arbor, New York: Beech Stave Press, page 227: “*tērh₂-/*trēh₂-; *térh₂-ti/*tr̥h₂-énti”
Kulikov, Leonid (2017) “Part 4 Chapter 2: Indo-Aryan”, in Kapović, Mate, editor, The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 224: “*-tr̥h₂-e-; *e-tērh₂-s-; *-tr̥h₂-no-”
Lindeman, Fredrik Otto (1987) Introduction to the ‘Laryngeal Theory’ (Serie B: Skrifter; 74), Olso: Norwegian University Press, →ISBN, page 46: “*tr̥H₂-é-”
Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004, 2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell, page 189: “*tr̥h₂-é-”
Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 192: “*t(e)ratja”
Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2023) “*terh₂-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎
Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 620: “*tar-i̯e/o-”
Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 95: “'tr̥H₂-yᵉ/ₒ-”
Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*tar-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 372
Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “tar¹ (tur) {1”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University}
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “άτέραμνος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 162: “*τέραμα”
Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 82: “*treh₂-tu-”
Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page *trātu-
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “νέκταρ, -αρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1004-1005: “*neḱ-trh₂-os”

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[IEW-1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “4. ter-, terə-:tr̥̄-, trā-, teru-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1074-1075

[LIV-2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*terh₂-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 633-634

[Kummel-3] Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2023) “*terh₂-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎

[Byrd-4] Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015) The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 276: “*terh₂-”

[5] Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*terh₂-”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 289

[EIEC-6] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “terh₂-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 229: “*terh₂ti; *treh₂i̯e/o-”

[EDPG-7] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þerhwe ~ *þurhwe”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 538-539

[8] Elbourne, Paul (2000) “Plain Voiceless Stop plus Laryngeal in Indo-European”, in Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics, volume 113, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →JSTOR, page 13: “*térH₂-e-ti”

[Malzahn-9] Malzahn, Melanie (2016) “Tudáti-presents and the tēzzi Principle”, in Sahasram Ati Srajas. Indo-Iranian and Indo-European Studies in Honor of Stephanie W. Jamison‎, Ann Arbor, New York: Beech Stave Press, page 227: “*tērh₂-/*trēh₂-; *térh₂-ti/*tr̥h₂-énti”

[IEL-10] Kulikov, Leonid (2017) “Part 4 Chapter 2: Indo-Aryan”, in Kapović, Mate, editor, The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 224: “*-tr̥h₂-e-; *e-tērh₂-s-; *-tr̥h₂-no-”

[11] Lindeman, Fredrik Otto (1987) Introduction to the ‘Laryngeal Theory’ (Serie B: Skrifter; 74), Olso: Norwegian University Press, →ISBN, page 46: “*tr̥H₂-é-”

[12] Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004, 2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell, page 189: “*tr̥h₂-é-”

[13] Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 192: “*t(e)ratja”

[14] Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2023) “*terh₂-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎

[KPV-15] Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 620: “*tar-i̯e/o-”

[16] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 95: “'tr̥H₂-yᵉ/ₒ-”

[17] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*tar-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 372

[18] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “tar¹ (tur) {1”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University}

[19] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “άτέραμνος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 162: “*τέραμα”

[20] Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 82: “*treh₂-tu-”

[EDPC_trātu-21] Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page *trātu-

[22] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “νέκταρ, -αρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1004-1005: “*neḱ-trh₂-os”