< Reconstruction:Proto-Japonic

Reconstruction:Proto-Japonic/kəpa

This Proto-Japonic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Japonic

Adjective

*kəpa

  1. hard

Descendants
  • Old Japanese: 強し (ko2pa)
    • Japanese: 強い (kowai)
      • ⇒ Japanese: 怖い (kowai, “frightening, scary”)
  • Proto-Ryukyuan: *kowa, *kopa
    • Northern Ryukyuan:
      • Kikai: 強さい (fubasai)
      • Kunigami: 強ーせん (fupāsen)
      • Northern Amami-Oshima: 強さり (xohasari)
      • Okinawan: 強さん (kufasan)
      • Oki-No-Erabu: 強さん (fāsan)
      • Southern Amami-Oshima: 強ーさむっ (kwahāsam)
      • Toku-No-Shima: 強さい (xuwasai)
      • Yoron: 強さん (fupasan)
    • Southern Ryukyuan:
      • Miyako: 強 (kupa)
      • Yaeyama: 強さん (kōsan)
      • Yonaguni: 強ん (kwan), 強ーん (kwān)

References
  • Martin, Samuel E. (1987) The Japanese Language Through Time, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN, page 833
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