< Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/d-wam

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Etymology
  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *dɣwjəm (Coblin, 1986)
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *d-wam (Matisoff, STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Weidert, 1987); *d-wam(*A) (Coblin, 1986); *d-wɑm (Chou, 1972)

Old Chinese had *-m final, as suggested by Shuowen (炎 (yán) - phonetic), which is preserved only in a few Min dialects, e.g. Amoy, Fu'an, Yong'an; elsewhere the final changed mainly to -ŋ.

Other languages in East Asia have words which look similar to the OC form: Korean 곰 (gom, “bear”), Japanese 熊 (kuma); also, compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *[k]mum (“bear, black bear”) (Mon ကၟဳ (mɛm), Khmer ឃ្មុំ (kmum) (as in ខ្លាឃ្មុំ (klaa kmum, “sun bear”))), Vietnamese hùm (“tiger”).

Noun

*d-wam

  1. bear

Descendants
  • Old Chinese: 熊 /*C.ɢʷəm/ (B-S) /*ɢʷlɯm/ (ZS) (“bear”)
    • Middle Chinese: 熊 /ɦɨuŋ/
      • Mandarin:
        • Beijing: 熊 (xióng) /ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵/
      • Cantonese:
        • Guangzhou-Hong Kong: 熊 (hung4) /hʊŋ²¹/
      • Wu:
        • Shanghainese: 熊 (6yon) /ɦiʊ̆ŋ²³/
    • Min:
      • Coastal Min:
        • Min Nan:
          • Hokkien:
            • Taiwan: 熊 /him²⁴/
  • Himalayish
    • Tibeto-Kanauri
      • Bodic
        • Tibetan
        • Eastern Bodish:
  • Tangut-Qiang
    • Northern Tangut
      • Tangut: 𗴈 (*dow²) /dõ³⁵/
    • rGyalrongic
      • Situ: təwam /təwaʔm/
  • Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
    • Lolo-Burmese
      • Burmish
      • Loloish
        • Northern Loloish
          • Yi (Liangshan): ꊈ (wo, “bear”)
  • Proto-Karen: *thamᴬ (Luangthongkum, 2013)
  • Proto-Kuki-Chin: *wom

See also
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