Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tvьrditi

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From *tvьrdъ +‎ *-iti. Compare Latin firmo for semantic development.

Verb

*tvьrditi

to harden
to claim, to insist

Inflection

Conjugation of *tvьrditi, *tvьrdi, *tvьrditь (?, -i-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)

Suffix: *-iti
― iterative (*nositi⇐*nesti)
― causative (*pojiti⇐*piti)
― ...

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*tvьrďenьje	*tvьrditi	*tvьrditъ	*tvьrdilъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*tvьrďenъ	*tvьrdimъ
Active	*tvьrďь	*tvьrdę

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*tvьrdixъ	*tvьrdi	*tvьrdi	*tvьrďǫ	*tvьrdiši	*tvьrditь
Dual	*tvьrdixově	*tvьrdista	*tvьrdiste	*tvьrdivě	*tvьrdita	*tvьrdite
Plural	*tvьrdixomъ	*tvьrdiste	*tvьrdišę	*tvьrdimъ	*tvьrdite	*tvьrdętь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*tvьrďaaxъ	*tvьrďaaše	*tvьrďaaše	—	*tvьrdi	*tvьrdi
Dual	*tvьrďaaxově	*tvьrďaašeta	*tvьrďaašete	*tvьrdivě	*tvьrdita	—
Plural	*tvьrďaaxomъ	*tvьrďaašete	*tvьrďaaxǫ	*tvьrdimъ	*tvьrdite	—

(*)*tvьrdivъ is a later doublet of the past active participle

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Russian: тверди́ть (tverdítʹ)
- Ukrainian: тве́рдити (tvérdyty)
South Slavic
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Old Cyrillic script: тврьдити (tvrĭditi)
- Bulgarian: твърдя̀ (tvǎrdjà)
- Macedonian: тврди (tvrdi)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: твр́дити
  
  Latin script: tvŕditi
West Slavic
- Kashubian: cwierdzëc
- Old Czech: tvrditi
  - Czech: tvrdit
- Old Polish: twierdzić, ćwirdzić, ćwierdzić, twirdzić
  - Polish: twierdzić
  - Silesian: twiyrdzić

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