Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/kopr

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin cuprum (“copper”).[1]

Noun

*kopr n

copper

Inflection

Neuter a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*kopr
Genitive	*kopras
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*kopr	*kopru
Accusative	*kopr	*kopru
Genitive	*kopras	*koprō
Dative	*koprē	*koprum
Instrumental	*kopru	*koprum

Alternative reconstructions

*koppr

Descendants

Old English: copor, coper
- Middle English: coper
  - English: copper
    - → Maori: kapa
    - → Shona: kopa
  - Scots: coper, copper
  - → Cornish: kober
  - → Irish: copar
  - → Manx: cobbyr
  - → Scottish Gaelic: copar
  - → Welsh: copor
- → Old Norse: koparr[2]
  - Icelandic: kopar
  - Faroese: kopar
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: kopar
  - Old Danish: kopær
    - Danish: kobber
      - Norwegian Bokmål: kobber
  - Old Swedish: koppar, kopar
    - Swedish: koppar
    - → Finnish: kupari
Old Frisian: koper, kuper
- Saterland Frisian: Koper
- West Frisian: koper
Old Saxon: kopar, coper
- Middle Low German: kōper, kopper, kapper
  - German Low German: Kopper
Old Dutch: *kopar
- Middle Dutch: coper
  - Dutch: koper
    - Afrikaans: koper
    - Negerhollands: koper, kopu
    - → Lokono: koporo
    - → Papiamentu: koper
    - → Sranan Tongo: kopro
      - → Caribbean Hindustani: kopro
      - → Caribbean Javanese: kopro
      - → Kari'na: kopolo
      - → Saramaccan: koopo
  - Limburgish: koper, kaoper
Old High German: kupfar, *kuffar, koffar
- Middle High German: kupfer, cuffer
  - German: Kupfer
  - Luxembourgish: Koffer
  - Mòcheno: kupfer
  - Vilamovian: köpfer, köpper
  - Yiddish: קופּער (kuper)
- → Kashubian: kòper
- → Lower Sorbian: kupor

References

Miller, D. Gary (2012 June 13) “Early loanwords from Latin and Greek”, in External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance, Oxford University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, § 4.5, page 65.
de Vries, Jan (1977) “koparr”, in Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Old Norse Etymological Dictionary] (in German), 2nd revised edition, Leiden: Brill

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[1] Miller, D. Gary (2012 June 13) “Early loanwords from Latin and Greek”, in External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance, Oxford University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, § 4.5, page 65.

[2] Vries, Jan (1977) “koparr”, in Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Old Norse Etymological Dictionary] (in German), 2nd revised edition, Leiden: Brill