hlwa
Zulu
Etymology
From Proto-Bantu *-còa.
Inflection
Tone L | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | ukuhlwa | ||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
Infinitive | ukuhlwa | ukungahlwi | |||||||
Imperative | |||||||||
Simple | + object concord | ||||||||
Singular | yihlwa | -hlwe | |||||||
Plural | yihlwani | -hlweni | |||||||
Present | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyahlwa, ngihlwa | engihlwayo, engihlwa | ngihlwa | angihlwi | engingahlwi | ngingahlwi | |||
2nd singular | uyahlwa, uhlwa | ohlwayo, ohlwa | uhlwa | awuhlwi | ongahlwi | ungahlwi | |||
1st plural | siyahlwa, sihlwa | esihlwayo, esihlwa | sihlwa | asihlwi | esingahlwi | singahlwi | |||
2nd plural | niyahlwa, nihlwa | enihlwayo, enihlwa | nihlwa | anihlwi | eningahlwi | ningahlwi | |||
Class 1 | uyahlwa, uhlwa | ohlwayo, ohlwa | ehlwa | akahlwi | ongahlwi | engahlwi | |||
Class 2 | bayahlwa, bahlwa | abahlwayo, abahlwa | behlwa | abahlwi | abangahlwi | bengahlwi | |||
Class 3 | uyahlwa, uhlwa | ohlwayo, ohlwa | uhlwa | awuhlwi | ongahlwi | ungahlwi | |||
Class 4 | iyahlwa, ihlwa | ehlwayo, ehlwa | ihlwa | ayihlwi | engahlwi | ingahlwi | |||
Class 5 | liyahlwa, lihlwa | elihlwayo, elihlwa | lihlwa | alihlwi | elingahlwi | lingahlwi | |||
Class 6 | ayahlwa, ahlwa | ahlwayo, ahlwa | ehlwa | awahlwi | angahlwi | engahlwi | |||
Class 7 | siyahlwa, sihlwa | esihlwayo, esihlwa | sihlwa | asihlwi | esingahlwi | singahlwi | |||
Class 8 | ziyahlwa, zihlwa | ezihlwayo, ezihlwa | zihlwa | azihlwi | ezingahlwi | zingahlwi | |||
Class 9 | iyahlwa, ihlwa | ehlwayo, ehlwa | ihlwa | ayihlwi | engahlwi | ingahlwi | |||
Class 10 | ziyahlwa, zihlwa | ezihlwayo, ezihlwa | zihlwa | azihlwi | ezingahlwi | zingahlwi | |||
Class 11 | luyahlwa, luhlwa | oluhlwayo, oluhlwa | luhlwa | aluhlwi | olungahlwi | lungahlwi | |||
Class 14 | buyahlwa, buhlwa | obuhlwayo, obuhlwa | buhlwa | abuhlwi | obungahlwi | bungahlwi | |||
Class 15 | kuyahlwa, kuhlwa | okuhlwayo, okuhlwa | kuhlwa | akuhlwi | okungahlwi | kungahlwi | |||
Class 17 | kuyahlwa, kuhlwa | okuhlwayo, okuhlwa | kuhlwa | akuhlwi | okungahlwi | kungahlwi | |||
Recent past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngihlwile, ngihlwē | engihlwile, engihlwē | ngihlwile, ngihlwē | angihlwanga | engingahlwanga | ngingahlwanga | |||
2nd singular | uhlwile, uhlwē | ohlwile, ohlwē | uhlwile, uhlwē | awuhlwanga | ongahlwanga | ungahlwanga | |||
1st plural | sihlwile, sihlwē | esihlwile, esihlwē | sihlwile, sihlwē | asihlwanga | esingahlwanga | singahlwanga | |||
2nd plural | nihlwile, nihlwē | enihlwile, enihlwē | nihlwile, nihlwē | anihlwanga | eningahlwanga | ningahlwanga | |||
Class 1 | uhlwile, uhlwē | ohlwile, ohlwē | ehlwile, ehlwē | akahlwanga | ongahlwanga | engahlwanga | |||
Class 2 | bahlwile, bahlwē | abahlwile, abahlwē | behlwile, behlwē | abahlwanga | abangahlwanga | bengahlwanga | |||
Class 3 | uhlwile, uhlwē | ohlwile, ohlwē | uhlwile, uhlwē | awuhlwanga | ongahlwanga | ungahlwanga | |||
Class 4 | ihlwile, ihlwē | ehlwile, ehlwē | ihlwile, ihlwē | ayihlwanga | engahlwanga | ingahlwanga | |||
Class 5 | lihlwile, lihlwē | elihlwile, elihlwē | lihlwile, lihlwē | alihlwanga | elingahlwanga | lingahlwanga | |||
Class 6 | ahlwile, ahlwē | ahlwile, ahlwē | ehlwile, ehlwē | awahlwanga | angahlwanga | engahlwanga | |||
Class 7 | sihlwile, sihlwē | esihlwile, esihlwē | sihlwile, sihlwē | asihlwanga | esingahlwanga | singahlwanga | |||
Class 8 | zihlwile, zihlwē | ezihlwile, ezihlwē | zihlwile, zihlwē | azihlwanga | ezingahlwanga | zingahlwanga | |||
Class 9 | ihlwile, ihlwē | ehlwile, ehlwē | ihlwile, ihlwē | ayihlwanga | engahlwanga | ingahlwanga | |||
Class 10 | zihlwile, zihlwē | ezihlwile, ezihlwē | zihlwile, zihlwē | azihlwanga | ezingahlwanga | zingahlwanga | |||
Class 11 | luhlwile, luhlwē | oluhlwile, oluhlwē | luhlwile, luhlwē | aluhlwanga | olungahlwanga | lungahlwanga | |||
Class 14 | buhlwile, buhlwē | obuhlwile, obuhlwē | buhlwile, buhlwē | abuhlwanga | obungahlwanga | bungahlwanga | |||
Class 15 | kuhlwile, kuhlwē | okuhlwile, okuhlwē | kuhlwile, kuhlwē | akuhlwanga | okungahlwanga | kungahlwanga | |||
Class 17 | kuhlwile, kuhlwē | okuhlwile, okuhlwē | kuhlwile, kuhlwē | akuhlwanga | okungahlwanga | kungahlwanga | |||
Remote past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngāhlwa | engāhlwa | ngāhlwa | angihlwanga | engingahlwanga | ngingahlwanga | |||
2nd singular | wāhlwa | owāhlwa | wāhlwa | awuhlwanga | ongahlwanga | ungahlwanga | |||
1st plural | sāhlwa | esāhlwa | sāhlwa | asihlwanga | esingahlwanga | singahlwanga | |||
2nd plural | nāhlwa | enāhlwa | nāhlwa | anihlwanga | eningahlwanga | ningahlwanga | |||
Class 1 | wāhlwa | owāhlwa | āhlwa | akahlwanga | ongahlwanga | engahlwanga | |||
Class 2 | bāhlwa | abāhlwa | bāhlwa | abahlwanga | abangahlwanga | bengahlwanga | |||
Class 3 | wāhlwa | owāhlwa | wāhlwa | awuhlwanga | ongahlwanga | ungahlwanga | |||
Class 4 | yāhlwa | eyāhlwa | yāhlwa | ayihlwanga | engahlwanga | ingahlwanga | |||
Class 5 | lāhlwa | elāhlwa | lāhlwa | alihlwanga | elingahlwanga | lingahlwanga | |||
Class 6 | āhlwa | āhlwa | āhlwa | awahlwanga | angahlwanga | engahlwanga | |||
Class 7 | sāhlwa | esāhlwa | sāhlwa | asihlwanga | esingahlwanga | singahlwanga | |||
Class 8 | zāhlwa | ezāhlwa | zāhlwa | azihlwanga | ezingahlwanga | zingahlwanga | |||
Class 9 | yāhlwa | eyāhlwa | yāhlwa | ayihlwanga | engahlwanga | ingahlwanga | |||
Class 10 | zāhlwa | ezāhlwa | zāhlwa | azihlwanga | ezingahlwanga | zingahlwanga | |||
Class 11 | lwāhlwa | olwāhlwa | lwāhlwa | aluhlwanga | olungahlwanga | lungahlwanga | |||
Class 14 | bāhlwa | obāhlwa | bāhlwa | abuhlwanga | obungahlwanga | bungahlwanga | |||
Class 15 | kwāhlwa | okwāhlwa | kwāhlwa | akuhlwanga | okungahlwanga | kungahlwanga | |||
Class 17 | kwāhlwa | okwāhlwa | kwāhlwa | akuhlwanga | okungahlwanga | kungahlwanga | |||
Potential | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngingahlwa | — | ngingahlwa | ngingehlwe | — | ngingehlwe | |||
2nd singular | ungahlwa | — | ungahlwa | ungehlwe | — | ungehlwe | |||
1st plural | singahlwa | — | singahlwa | singehlwe | — | singehlwe | |||
2nd plural | ningahlwa | — | ningahlwa | ningehlwe | — | ningehlwe | |||
Class 1 | angahlwa | — | engahlwa | angehlwe | — | engehlwe | |||
Class 2 | bangahlwa | — | bengahlwa | bangehlwe | — | bengehlwe | |||
Class 3 | ungahlwa | — | ungahlwa | ungehlwe | — | ungehlwe | |||
Class 4 | ingahlwa | — | ingahlwa | ingehlwe | — | ingehlwe | |||
Class 5 | lingahlwa | — | lingahlwa | lingehlwe | — | lingehlwe | |||
Class 6 | angahlwa | — | engahlwa | angehlwe | — | engehlwe | |||
Class 7 | singahlwa | — | singahlwa | singehlwe | — | singehlwe | |||
Class 8 | zingahlwa | — | zingahlwa | zingehlwe | — | zingehlwe | |||
Class 9 | ingahlwa | — | ingahlwa | ingehlwe | — | ingehlwe | |||
Class 10 | zingahlwa | — | zingahlwa | zingehlwe | — | zingehlwe | |||
Class 11 | lungahlwa | — | lungahlwa | lungehlwe | — | lungehlwe | |||
Class 14 | bungahlwa | — | bungahlwa | bungehlwe | — | bungehlwe | |||
Class 15 | kungahlwa | — | kungahlwa | kungehlwe | — | kungehlwe | |||
Class 17 | kungahlwa | — | kungahlwa | kungehlwe | — | kungehlwe | |||
Immediate future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngizokuhlwa | engizokuhlwa | ngizokuhlwa | angizukuhlwa | engingezukuhlwa | ngingezukuhlwa | |||
2nd singular | uzokuhlwa | ozokuhlwa | uzokuhlwa | awuzukuhlwa | ongezukuhlwa | ungezukuhlwa | |||
1st plural | sizokuhlwa | esizokuhlwa | sizokuhlwa | asizukuhlwa | esingezukuhlwa | singezukuhlwa | |||
2nd plural | nizokuhlwa | enizokuhlwa | nizokuhlwa | anizukuhlwa | eningezukuhlwa | ningezukuhlwa | |||
Class 1 | uzokuhlwa | ozokuhlwa | ezokuhlwa | akazukuhlwa | ongezukuhlwa | engezukuhlwa | |||
Class 2 | bazokuhlwa | abazokuhlwa | bezokuhlwa | abazukuhlwa | abangezukuhlwa | bengezukuhlwa | |||
Class 3 | uzokuhlwa | ozokuhlwa | uzokuhlwa | awuzukuhlwa | ongezukuhlwa | ungezukuhlwa | |||
Class 4 | izokuhlwa | ezokuhlwa | izokuhlwa | ayizukuhlwa | engezukuhlwa | ingezukuhlwa | |||
Class 5 | lizokuhlwa | elizokuhlwa | lizokuhlwa | alizukuhlwa | elingezukuhlwa | lingezukuhlwa | |||
Class 6 | azokuhlwa | azokuhlwa | ezokuhlwa | awazukuhlwa | angezukuhlwa | engezukuhlwa | |||
Class 7 | sizokuhlwa | esizokuhlwa | sizokuhlwa | asizukuhlwa | esingezukuhlwa | singezukuhlwa | |||
Class 8 | zizokuhlwa | ezizokuhlwa | zizokuhlwa | azizukuhlwa | ezingezukuhlwa | zingezukuhlwa | |||
Class 9 | izokuhlwa | ezokuhlwa | izokuhlwa | ayizukuhlwa | engezukuhlwa | ingezukuhlwa | |||
Class 10 | zizokuhlwa | ezizokuhlwa | zizokuhlwa | azizukuhlwa | ezingezukuhlwa | zingezukuhlwa | |||
Class 11 | luzokuhlwa | oluzokuhlwa | luzokuhlwa | aluzukuhlwa | olungezukuhlwa | lungezukuhlwa | |||
Class 14 | buzokuhlwa | obuzokuhlwa | buzokuhlwa | abuzukuhlwa | obungezukuhlwa | bungezukuhlwa | |||
Class 15 | kuzokuhlwa | okuzokuhlwa | kuzokuhlwa | akuzukuhlwa | okungezukuhlwa | kungezukuhlwa | |||
Class 17 | kuzokuhlwa | okuzokuhlwa | kuzokuhlwa | akuzukuhlwa | okungezukuhlwa | kungezukuhlwa | |||
Remote future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyokuhlwa | engiyokuhlwa | ngiyokuhlwa | angiyukuhlwa | engingeyukuhlwa | ngingeyukuhlwa | |||
2nd singular | uyokuhlwa | oyokuhlwa | uyokuhlwa | awuyukuhlwa | ongeyukuhlwa | ungeyukuhlwa | |||
1st plural | siyokuhlwa | esiyokuhlwa | siyokuhlwa | asiyukuhlwa | esingeyukuhlwa | singeyukuhlwa | |||
2nd plural | niyokuhlwa | eniyokuhlwa | niyokuhlwa | aniyukuhlwa | eningeyukuhlwa | ningeyukuhlwa | |||
Class 1 | uyokuhlwa | oyokuhlwa | eyokuhlwa | akayukuhlwa | ongeyukuhlwa | engeyukuhlwa | |||
Class 2 | bayokuhlwa | abayokuhlwa | beyokuhlwa | abayukuhlwa | abangeyukuhlwa | bengeyukuhlwa | |||
Class 3 | uyokuhlwa | oyokuhlwa | uyokuhlwa | awuyukuhlwa | ongeyukuhlwa | ungeyukuhlwa | |||
Class 4 | iyokuhlwa | eyokuhlwa | iyokuhlwa | ayiyukuhlwa | engeyukuhlwa | ingeyukuhlwa | |||
Class 5 | liyokuhlwa | eliyokuhlwa | liyokuhlwa | aliyukuhlwa | elingeyukuhlwa | lingeyukuhlwa | |||
Class 6 | ayokuhlwa | ayokuhlwa | eyokuhlwa | awayukuhlwa | angeyukuhlwa | engeyukuhlwa | |||
Class 7 | siyokuhlwa | esiyokuhlwa | siyokuhlwa | asiyukuhlwa | esingeyukuhlwa | singeyukuhlwa | |||
Class 8 | ziyokuhlwa | eziyokuhlwa | ziyokuhlwa | aziyukuhlwa | ezingeyukuhlwa | zingeyukuhlwa | |||
Class 9 | iyokuhlwa | eyokuhlwa | iyokuhlwa | ayiyukuhlwa | engeyukuhlwa | ingeyukuhlwa | |||
Class 10 | ziyokuhlwa | eziyokuhlwa | ziyokuhlwa | aziyukuhlwa | ezingeyukuhlwa | zingeyukuhlwa | |||
Class 11 | luyokuhlwa | oluyokuhlwa | luyokuhlwa | aluyukuhlwa | olungeyukuhlwa | lungeyukuhlwa | |||
Class 14 | buyokuhlwa | obuyokuhlwa | buyokuhlwa | abuyukuhlwa | obungeyukuhlwa | bungeyukuhlwa | |||
Class 15 | kuyokuhlwa | okuyokuhlwa | kuyokuhlwa | akuyukuhlwa | okungeyukuhlwa | kungeyukuhlwa | |||
Class 17 | kuyokuhlwa | okuyokuhlwa | kuyokuhlwa | akuyukuhlwa | okungeyukuhlwa | kungeyukuhlwa | |||
Present subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngihlwe | ngingahlwi | |||||||
2nd singular | uhlwe | ungahlwi | |||||||
1st plural | sihlwe | singahlwi | |||||||
2nd plural | nihlwe | ningahlwi | |||||||
Class 1 | ahlwe | angahlwi | |||||||
Class 2 | bahlwe | bangahlwi | |||||||
Class 3 | uhlwe | ungahlwi | |||||||
Class 4 | ihlwe | ingahlwi | |||||||
Class 5 | lihlwe | lingahlwi | |||||||
Class 6 | ahlwe | angahlwi | |||||||
Class 7 | sihlwe | singahlwi | |||||||
Class 8 | zihlwe | zingahlwi | |||||||
Class 9 | ihlwe | ingahlwi | |||||||
Class 10 | zihlwe | zingahlwi | |||||||
Class 11 | luhlwe | lungahlwi | |||||||
Class 14 | buhlwe | bungahlwi | |||||||
Class 15 | kuhlwe | kungahlwi | |||||||
Class 17 | kuhlwe | kungahlwi | |||||||
Past subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngahlwa | ngangahlwa, angahlwa, angangahlwa | |||||||
2nd singular | wahlwa | wangahlwa, awahlwa, awangahlwa | |||||||
1st plural | sahlwa | sangahlwa, asahlwa, asangahlwa | |||||||
2nd plural | nahlwa | nangahlwa, anahlwa, anangahlwa | |||||||
Class 1 | wahlwa | wangahlwa, akahlwa, akangahlwa | |||||||
Class 2 | bahlwa | bangahlwa, abahlwa, abangahlwa | |||||||
Class 3 | wahlwa | wangahlwa, awahlwa, awangahlwa | |||||||
Class 4 | yahlwa | yangahlwa, ayahlwa, ayangahlwa | |||||||
Class 5 | lahlwa | langahlwa, alahlwa, alangahlwa | |||||||
Class 6 | ahlwa | angahlwa, awahlwa, awangahlwa | |||||||
Class 7 | sahlwa | sangahlwa, asahlwa, asangahlwa | |||||||
Class 8 | zahlwa | zangahlwa, azahlwa, azangahlwa | |||||||
Class 9 | yahlwa | yangahlwa, ayahlwa, ayangahlwa | |||||||
Class 10 | zahlwa | zangahlwa, azahlwa, azangahlwa | |||||||
Class 11 | lwahlwa | lwangahlwa, alwahlwa, alwangahlwa | |||||||
Class 14 | bahlwa | bangahlwa, abahlwa, abangahlwa | |||||||
Class 15 | kwahlwa | kwangahlwa, akwahlwa, akwangahlwa | |||||||
Class 17 | kwahlwa | kwangahlwa, akwahlwa, akwangahlwa |
References
- C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “hlwa”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “hlwa”
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