tšꜣ

Egyptian

Pronunciation
 
  • (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈtaːʃaʀ/ → /ˈtaːʃaʀ/ → /ˈtaːʃə/ → /toːʃ/

Verb


 3-lit.

  1. to smash (heads), to split (wood) [since Middle Kingdom literature]
    • c. 1859 BCE – 1840 BCE, The Story of Sinuhe, version B (pBerlin 3022 and pAmherst n-q) lines 55–56:[1]








      jꜥ ḥr pw tšꜣ wpwt nj ꜥḥꜥ.n.tw m hꜣw.f
      He is one who takes vengeance (literally, “one who washes the face”), one who smashes brows; one cannot stand in his vicinity.

Inflection
Conjugation of tšꜣ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: tšꜣ, geminated stem: tšꜣꜣ
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
tšꜣ
 tšꜣw, tšꜣ
 tšꜣt
 tšꜣ
 tšꜣ
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
tšꜣ
 ḥr tšꜣ
 m tšꜣ
 r tšꜣ
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect tšꜣ.n
 tšꜣw, tšꜣ
 consecutive tšꜣ.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative tšꜣt
perfective3 tšꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 tšꜣ.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective tšꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 tšꜣ
 tšꜣꜣ
 potentialis1 tšꜣ.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive tšꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect tšꜣ.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective tšꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 tšꜣ
 tšꜣ, tšꜣw5, tšꜣy5
imperfective tšꜣ, tšꜣy, tšꜣw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 tšꜣ, tšꜣj6, tšꜣy6
 tšꜣ, tšꜣw5
prospective tšꜣ, tšꜣtj7
 — tšꜣtj4, tšꜣt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of tšꜣ  
tš

Descendants
  • Coptic: ⲧⲱϣ (tōš)

References
  1. Allen, James Peter (2015) Middle Egyptian Literature: Eight Literary Works of the Middle Kingdom, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 81–83
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