vyañjana

Pali

Alternative forms
Alternative forms
  • 𑀯𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦 (Brahmi script)
  • व्यञ्जन (Devanagari script)
  • ৰ‍্যঞ্জন (Bengali script)
  • ව්‍යඤ‍්ජන (Sinhalese script)
  • ဝျဉ္ဇန or ဝျၺ္ၹၼ or ဝျၺ်ၹၼ (Burmese script)
  • วฺยญฺชน or วยัญชะนะ (Thai script)
  • ᩅ᩠ᨿᨬ᩠ᨩᨶ (Tai Tham script)
  • ວ຺ຍຎ຺ຊນ or ວຍັຎຊະນະ or ວຢັຎຊະນະ (Lao script)
  • វ្យញ្ជន (Khmer script)
  • 𑅇𑄳𑄠𑄐𑄴𑄎𑄚 (Chakma script)
Alternative forms
  • byañjana (Latin script)
  • 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦 (Brahmi script)
  • ब्यञ्जन (Devanagari script)
  • ব্যঞ্জন (Bengali script)
  • බ්‍යඤ‍්ජන (Sinhalese script)
  • ဗျဉ္ဇန or ၿျၺ္ၹၼ or ၿျၺ်ၹၼ (Burmese script)
  • พฺยญฺชน or พยัญชะนะ (Thai script)
  • ᨻ᩠ᨿᨬ᩠ᨩᨶ (Tai Tham script)
  • ພ຺ຍຎ຺ຊນ or ພຍັຎຊະນະ or ພຢັຎຊະນະ (Lao script)
  • ព្យញ្ជន (Khmer script)
  • 𑄝𑄳𑄠𑄐𑄴𑄎𑄚 (Chakma script)

Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit व्यञ्जन (vyañjana). By surface analysis, vi- +‎ añj (“to daub”) +‎ -ana. The sense 'letter' is a shared innovation of the early Prakrits, taken up by Sanskrit.

Noun

vyañjana n

  1. sign
  2. mark
  3. (grammar) letter
    • c. 500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar]‎, page 4; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:
      क, ख, ग, घ, ङ, च, छ, ज, झ, ञ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण, त, थ, द, ध, न, प, फ, ब, भ, म, य, र, ल, व, स, ह, ळ, ं। इति व्यञ्जन नाम होन्ति।
      Ka, kha, ga, gha, ṅa, ca, cha, ja, jha, ña, ṭa, ṭha, ḍa, ḍha, ṇa, ta, tha, da, dha, na, pa, pha, ba, bha, ma, ya, ra, la, va, sa, ha, ḷa, aṃ, iti vyañjanā nāma honti.
      'k', 'kh', 'g', 'gh', 'ṅ', 'c', 'ch', 'j', 'jh', 'ñ, 'ṭ', 'ṭh', 'ḍ', 'ḍh', 'ṇ', 't', 'th', 'd', 'dh', 'n', 'p', 'ph', 'b', 'bh', 'm', 'y', 'r', 'l', 'v', 's', 'h', 'ḷ' and 'ṃ', these are the consonants by name.
  4. letter (as opposed to spirit)

Declension
Declension table of "vyañjana" (neuter)
Case \ NumberSingularPlural
Nominative (first)vyañjanaṃvyañjanāni or vyañjanā
Accusative (second)vyañjanaṃvyañjanāni
Instrumental (third)vyañjanenavyañjanehi or vyañjanebhi
Dative (fourth)vyañjanassa or vyañjanāya or vyañjanatthaṃvyañjanānaṃ
Ablative (fifth)vyañjanasmā or vyañjanamhā or vyañjanāvyañjanehi or vyañjanebhi
Genitive (sixth)vyañjanassavyañjanānaṃ
Locative (seventh)vyañjanasmiṃ or vyañjanamhi or vyañjanevyañjanesu
Vocative (calling)vyañjanavyañjanāni

Descendants
  • Burmese: ဗျည်း (byany:, “letter”)
  • Khmer: ព្យញ្ជនៈ (pyŭəñcĕəʼnĕəʼ, “letter”)
  • Northern Thai: ᨻ᩠ᨿᨬ᩠ᨩᨶ (“letter”)
  • Thai: พยัญชนะ (pá-yan-chá-ná, “letter”)

References

Pali Text Society (1921–1925) “vyañjana”, in Pali-English Dictionary‎, London: Chipstead

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