zẖꜣ

Egyptian

Pronunciation
 
  • (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ziˈçiʀ/ → /siˈçiʀ/ → /səˈçej/ → /səˈçej/

Verb

 3-lit.

  1. (transitive) to write
  2. (transitive) to paint

Inflection
Conjugation of zẖꜣ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: zẖꜣ, geminated stem: zẖꜣꜣ
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
zẖꜣ
 zẖꜣw, zẖꜣ
 zẖꜣt
 zẖꜣ
 zẖꜣ
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
zẖꜣ
 ḥr zẖꜣ
 m zẖꜣ
 r zẖꜣ
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect zẖꜣ.n
 zẖꜣw, zẖꜣ
 consecutive zẖꜣ.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative zẖꜣt
perfective3 zẖꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 zẖꜣ.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective zẖꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 zẖꜣ
 zẖꜣꜣ
 potentialis1 zẖꜣ.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive zẖꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect zẖꜣ.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective zẖꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 zẖꜣ
 zẖꜣ, zẖꜣw5, zẖꜣy5
imperfective zẖꜣ, zẖꜣy, zẖꜣw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 zẖꜣ, zẖꜣj6, zẖꜣy6
 zẖꜣ, zẖꜣw5
prospective zẖꜣ, zẖꜣtj7
 — zẖꜣtj4, zẖꜣt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.

Derived terms

Descendants
  • Demotic: sẖ
    • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⳉⲉⲉⲓ (sxeei)
    • Bohairic Coptic: ⲥϧⲁⲓ (sxai)
    • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥϩⲉⲓ (shei)
    • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥϩⲉⲉⲓ (sheei)
    • Sahidic Coptic: ⲥϩⲁⲓ (shai)

Noun

 m

  1. (usually in the plural) writing, record
    • c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 2.4–2.5:








      ḏr.n ḏd.n.f n.sn jr ntt nbt m zẖꜣ ḥr pꜣ šfdw sḏm st mj ḏd.j st (j)m zn ḥꜣw ḥr šꜣꜣt
      In the end he said to them: As for everything in the writing on this scroll, heed it as I say it; don’t exceed what has been set down.

Inflection
Declension of zẖꜣ (masculine)
singular zẖꜣ
dual zẖꜣwj
plural zẖꜣw

Derived terms

References
  1. Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 46
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