My situation is similar to Info file emacs does not exist. I installed emacs24, emacs24-el, and emacs24-common-non-dfsg on Ubuntu 14.04. Unlike in that other question, C-h r does work for me and I do get the "Emacs" manual.
However from using Emacs on OS X, I'm accustomed to C-h i bringing up a full directory of many, many topics. Instead, my directory only has three nodes, for a few packages that provide info files (Flycheck, Haskell Mode, and Magit).
(Info-default-dirs) evaluates to ("/usr/share/info/emacs-24" "/usr/share/info/" "/usr/share/info/"). I do see all the individual info.gz files in /usr/share/info/emacs-24. I can open them individually, for example (info "/usr/share/info/emacs-24/elisp.info.gz") does bring up the "Emacs Lisp" node.
But again, I'm accustomed to C-h i bringing up the full directory. I don't know much about info files. How can I make this work?