Generate random numbers in specific range

Question

After googling a bit I couldn't find a simple way to use a shell command to generate a random decimal integer number included in a specific range, that is between a minimum and a maximum.

I read about /dev/random, /dev/urandom and $RANDOM, but none of these can do what I need.

Is there another useful command, or a way to use the previous data?

Answer 1

You can try shuf from GNU coreutils:

shuf -i 1-100 -n 1

Answer 2

In the POSIX toolchest, you can use awk:

awk -v min=5 -v max=10 'BEGIN{srand(); print int(min+rand()*(max-min+1))}'

Do not use that as a source to generate passwords or secret data for instance, as with most awk implementations, the number can easily be guessed based on the time that command was run.

With many awk implementations, that command run twice within the same second will generally give you the same output.

Answer 3

jot

On BSD and OSX you can use jot to return a single random (-r) number from the interval min to max, inclusive.

$ min=5
$ max=10
$ jot -r 1 $min $max

Distribution problem

Unfortunately, the range and distribution of randomly generated numbers is influenced by the fact that jot uses double precision floating point arithmetic internally and printf(3) for output format, which causes rounding and truncation issues. Therefore, the interval's min and max are generated less frequently as demonstrated:

$ jot -r 100000 5 10 | sort -n | uniq -c
9918  5
20176 6
20006 7
20083 8
19879 9
9938  10

On OS X 10.11 (El Capitan) this appears to have been fixed:

$ jot -r 100000 5 10 | sort -n | uniq -c
16692 5
16550 6
16856 7
16579 8
16714 9
16609 10  

and...

$ jot -r 1000000 1 10 | sort -n | uniq -c
100430 1
99965 2
99982 3
99796 4
100444 5
99853 6
99835 7
100397 8
99588 9
99710 10

Solving the distribution problem

For older versions of OS X, fortunately there are several workarounds. One is to use printf(3) integer conversion. The only caveat is that the interval maximum now becomes max+1. By using integer formatting, we get fair distribution across the entire interval:

$ jot -w %i -r 100000 5 11 | sort -n | uniq -c
16756 5
16571 6
16744 7
16605 8
16683 9
16641 10

The perfect solution

Finally, to get a fair roll of the dice using the workaround, we have:

$ min=5
$ max_plus1=11  # 10 + 1
$ jot -w %i -r 1 $min $max_plus1

Extra homework

See jot(1) for the gory math and formatting details and many more examples.

Answer 4

The $RANDOM variable is normally not a good way to generated good random values. The output of /dev/[u]random need also to be converted first.

An easier way is to use higher level languages, like e.g. python:

To generate a random integer variable between 5 and 10 (5<=N<=10), use

python -c "import random; print random.randint(5,10)"

Do not use this for cryptographic applications.

Answer 5

You can get the random number through urandom

head -200 /dev/urandom | cksum

Output:

3310670062 52870

To retrieve the one part of the above number.

head -200 /dev/urandom | cksum | cut -f1 -d " "

Then the output is

3310670062

Answer 6

To generate a random integer variable between 5 and 10 (including both), use

echo $(( RANDOM % (10 - 5 + 1 ) + 5 ))

% works as a modulo operator.

There are probably better ways to convert the random variable $RANDOM to a specific range. Do not use this for cryptographic applications or in cases you need real, equal-distributed random variables (like for simulations).

Answer 7

# echo $(( $RANDOM % 256 )) will produce a "random" number between 0-255 in modern *sh dialects.

Answer 8

Maybe the UUID (on Linux) can be used to retrieve the random number

$ cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/uuid
cdd52826-327d-4355-9737-895f58ad11b4

To get the random number between 70 and 100

POSIXLY_CORRECT=1 awk -F - '{print(("0x"$1) % 30 + 70)}
   ' /proc/sys/kernel/random/uuid

Answer 9

cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc 'a-fA-F0-9' | fold -w 8 | head -n 1

This will generate an 8 digits long hexadecimal number.

Answer 10

Distribution is good:

for (( i = 1 ; i <= 100000 ; i++ )) do echo $(( RANDOM % (20 - 10 + 1 ) + 10 )) ; done | sort -n | uniq -c

Gives:

  count value
9183 10
   9109 11
   8915 12
   9037 13
   9100 14
   9138 15
   9125 16
   9261 17
   9088 18
   8996 19
   9048 20

Answer 11

To stay entirely within bash and use the $RANDOM variable but avoid the uneven distribution:

#!/bin/bash
range=10 
floor=20
if [ $range -gt 32768 ]; then
echo 'range outside of what $RANDOM can provide.' >&2
exit 1 # exit before entering infinite loop
fi
max_RANDOM=$(( 2*15/$range$range ))
r=$RANDOM
until [ $r -lt $max_RANDOM ]; do
r=$RANDOM
done
echo $(( r % $range + $floor ))

This example would provide random numbers from 20 through 29.

Explanation: Any $RANDOM result greater than 2**15/$range*$range is in an incomplete modulus fold within which the result of $r % $range has a max value of 2**15%$range, so results from 0 to 2**15%$range have weight of 2**15/$range+1 and the value above have a weight of just 2**15/$range. The worst case scenario of the poor distribution is when the 2**15/$range is 1 and 2**15%$range is not 0. Here, we can see clearly the problem when the range is 2/3 of 2**15, where half the results have twice the probability:

$ range=$((2**15*2/3)); for (( i=0; i<10000; i++)); \
> do [ $((RANDOM%range) -le $((range/2)) ] \
> && ((le_10922++)) || ((gt_10922++)) ; done; \
> echo le_10922 $le_10922; echo gt_10922 $gt_10922 
le_10922 6748
gt_10922 3253

Answer 12

Using RANDOM

MAX=999999                      #Upper Range
MIN=100000                      #Lower Range
DIFF=$((MAX-MIN+1))             #+1 to inlcude upper limit
R=$(($(($RANDOM%$DIFF))+MIN))

Using SHUF

MIN=1000
MAX=9999
COUNT=1                         #count of Random Numbers to be generated
shuf -i $MIN-$MAX -n $COUNT
shuf -i 1000-9999 -n 1

Using /dev/random

od -An -N2 -i /dev/random       #Generates a 2 byte Number, -N2=Generates 2 Random Number btween range 0-65535

Answer 13

The best way to do this portably is with od (there's no way to do it in portable POSIX shell without an external command, but at least this solution only has one such call). Here's a complete function you can use:

# Usage: random [[MIN] MAX]
# Display a random number from MIN (def=0) to MAX (def=2^32-1) (inclusive)
random() {
  n=$(od -An -N4 -tu /dev/urandom) || return $?
  case $# in
    ( 0 ) echo $n ;;                                  # min=0  max=4294967295
    ( 1 ) echo $(( n % ($1 + 1) )) ;;                 # min=0  max=$1
    ( 2 ) echo $(( n % ($2 + 1 - $1) + $1 )) ;;       # min=$1 max=$2
  esac
} 

This generates a random unsigned integer and scopes it to optionally specified minimum and maximum values.

Examples:

$ random      # a random integer between 0 and 4294967295 (2³²-1)
102618
$ random 5    # a random integer between 0 and 5
5
$ random 1 5  # a random integer between 1 and 5
3

We all love one-liners, right? I managed to wedge this into 80 characters:

random(){ echo $(($(od -An -N4 -tu /dev/random)${1+%(${2+$2- }$1+1)${2++$1}}));}

(Explanation removed for being too verbose, see revision 3 for detail.)