As @terdon explained in his excellent answer, no, you shouldn't expect breakage.
One thing that could definitely break, though, is your bootloader. Windows has its own bootloader as does Linux. If it's a BIOS bootloader, the BIOS lives in the first bytes of the boot hard disk. If you install Linux to use GRUB as the BIOS bootloader, then install Windows, Windows will likely have overwritten GRUB in the BIOS bootloader. The Windows bootloader only supports booting Windows (surprise!), while GRUB supports lots of different OS choices.
If Windows ever tries updating the bootloader, which could happen if they find a security flaw in it (and bother to fix it!), this will overwrite your BIOS bootloader and cause a great deal of suckage. It's obviously fixable, but annoying because you'll need a CD or USB drive to boot into to reinstall GRUB.
Whether this counts as breaking an OS is left to the reader.