How can I make a script in /etc/init.d start at boot?

Question

I think I read something a while back about this, but I can't remember how it's done. Essentially, I have a service in /etc/init.d which I'd like to start automatically at boot time. I remember it has something to do with symlinking the script into the /etc/rc.d directory, but I can't remember at the present. What is the command for this?

I believe I'm on a Fedora/CentOS derivative.

Answer 1

If you are on a Red Hat based system, as you mentioned, you can do the following:

1. Create a script and place in /etc/init.d (e.g /etc/init.d/myscript). The script should have the following format:

#!/bin/bash
# chkconfig: 2345 20 80
# description: Description comes here....

# Source function library.
. /etc/init.d/functions

start() {
    # code to start app comes here 
    # example: daemon program_name &
}

stop() {
    # code to stop app comes here 
    # example: killproc program_name
}

case "$1" in 
    start)
       start
       ;;
    stop)
       stop
       ;;
    restart)
       stop
       start
       ;;
    status)
       # code to check status of app comes here 
       # example: status program_name
       ;;
    *)
       echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|status|restart}"
esac

exit 0 

The format is pretty standard and you can view existing scripts in /etc/init.d. You can then use the script like so /etc/init.d/myscript start or chkconfig myscript start. The ckconfig man page explains the header of the script:

 > This says that the script should be started in levels 2,  3,  4, and
 > 5, that its start priority should be 20, and that its stop priority
 > should be 80.

The example start, stop and status code uses helper functions defined in /etc/init.d/functions

2. Enable the script

   $ chkconfig --add myscript 
   $ chkconfig --level 2345 myscript on 
   

3. Check the script is indeed enabled - you should see "on" for the levels you selected.

   $ chkconfig --list | grep myscript
   

Answer 2

You test, what runlevel your machine normally starts into.

runlevel

Often this is 5 or 2 - there are various conventions, but nothing really established, afaik. Ubuntu uses 2, while former distribution I used always used

• 1 Single user (super user)
• 2 multi user
• 3 multi user + network
• 4 not used / user definable
• 5 multi user, network + X11

Then you make a symlink from your init-script, maybe /etc/init.d/foobar to /etc/rc2.d/SXYfoobar

S means 'Start this script in this runlevel (here: 2). XY is a two-digit decimal number, which is relevant for the sequence, the scripts are started.

If you depend on script S45barfoo to be run before you, and S55foofoo is depending on your script, you would choose xy between 45 and 55. For equal numbers the boot order is undefined.

Ubuntu meanwhile switched (is switching) to another startup procedure, called upstart.

And note: Not always the links link to /etc/rcX.d - sometimes it is /etc/init/rcX.d or something similar, but it should be easy to find, somewhere below /etc.

If you want to start something at the end of the starting scripts, /etc/rc.local would be file to look for, but if it depends on X11 already running, you might look for an autostart-option of your desktop environment, or /etc/X11/Xsession.d/ with a similar pattern as described above.

If you depend on the network being up, there is a separate directory (if-up.d), and for mounted devices like external USB-drives /etc/udev/rules.d/.

Answer 3

In this answer, let's assume I want to mount Windows Shares (CIFS) defined in /etc/fstab via mount -a -t cifs via a service script on an Ubuntu system. First, I create an entry under /etc/init.d/mountcifs with the content:

#! /bin/sh
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:          mountcifs
# Required-Start:
# Required-Stop:
# Default-Start:     2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description: Mounts / Umounts Window Shares (CIFS)
# Description: Mounts / Umounts Window Shares (CIFS)
### END INIT INFO
PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
case "$1" in
  start)
        mount -a -t cifs
        ;;
  stop)
        umount -a -t cifs
        ;;
  restart|reload|force-reload)
        umount -a -t cifs
        mount -a -t cifs
        ;;
  *)
        # echo "Usage: $0 start|stop" >&2
        # exit 3
        ;;
esac

Ensure that /etc/init.d/mountcifs is executable with chmod 755 /etc/init.d/mountcifs.

Note the # Default-Start: 2 3 4 5 in the comments. Because of this comment, we can get Ubuntu to create the symbolic links in the /etc/rc2.d, /etc/rc3.d, /etc/rc4.d and /etcrc5.d folders with the following command:

sudo update-rc.d mountcifs defaults

Then we can test the script as follows:

sudo service start mountcifs
df -h # should see Windows Shares
sudo service stop mountcifs
df -h # all Windows Shares should be gone
sudo service start mountcifs
df -h # all Windows Shares should be back

The Windows Shares should be automounted on a reboot.

Answer 4

As Naftuli Tzvi Kay asked about Debian above: Beginning with Debian 6, your script should contain a LSB (Linux Standards Base) header which indicates its dependencies and capabilities (see debian wiki page).

If a LSB header is present, you can use insserv to include your script in the boot process (see another debian wiki page).