What are the differences between "sudo -s" and "su root"? As they both can provide root permission.
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There are a bunch of differences, the main one being that sudo -s relies on the user having sudoer privileges whereas su root requires the user to have the root password.
As a side-note
From a security perspective, it is much better to assign users sudoer privileges to access the root shell rather than passing around a root password that users can use through su root. If a user has the root password, they can obtain root anytime. If they are assigned privileges through /etc/sudoers, then access to the root shell can be revoked at anytime.
