励む

Japanese
Kanji in this term
励
はげ
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
勵む (kyūjitai)
Japanese verb pair
active 励ます
mediopassive 励む

Etymology

Cognate with the adjective 激しい (hageshii).[1] Possibly from はげ (hage, root of 激しい) + む (-mu). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "励む"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 励む はげ​む [hàgéꜜmù]
Imperative (命令形) 励め はげ​め [hàgéꜜmè]
Key constructions
Passive 励まれる はげまれ​る [hàgémáréꜜrù]
Causative 励ませる はげませ​る [hàgémáséꜜrù]
Potential 励める はげめ​る [hàgéméꜜrù]
Volitional 励もう はげも​ー [hàgémóꜜò]
Negative 励まない はげま​ない [hàgémáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 励まなかった はげま​なかった [hàgémáꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 励みます はげみま​す [hàgémímáꜜsù]
Perfective 励んだ はげ​んだ [hàgéꜜǹdà]
Conjunctive 励んで はげ​んで [hàgéꜜǹdè]
Hypothetical conditional 励めば はげ​めば [hàgéꜜmèbà]

Verb

励(はげ)む • (hagemu) intransitive godan (stem 励(はげ)み (hagemi), past 励(はげ)んだ (hagenda))

  1. to be zealous, to be preoccupied with, to strive
    ジョギングに励(はげ)んだ。
    Jogingu ni hagenda.
    We have been quite keen on running.

Conjugation
Conjugation of "励む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 励ま はげま hagema
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 励み はげみ hagemi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 励む はげむ hagemu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 励む はげむ hagemu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 励め はげめ hageme
Meireikei ("imperative") 励め はげめ hageme
Key constructions
Passive 励まれる はげまれる hagemareru
Causative 励ませる
励ます		 はげませる
はげます		 hagemaseru
hagemasu
Potential 励める はげめる hagemeru
Volitional 励もう はげもう hagemō
Negative 励まない はげまない hagemanai
Negative continuative 励まず はげまず hagemazu
Formal 励みます はげみます hagemimasu
Perfective 励んだ はげんだ hagenda
Conjunctive 励んで はげんで hagende
Hypothetical conditional 励めば はげめば hagemeba

Synonyms

References
  1. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  4. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  • 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
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