π‘€˜π‘‚π‘€―

Ashokan Prakrit

Etymology

From Sanskrit ΰ€šΰ₯ˆΰ€΅ (caiva), from ΰ€š (ca) +β€Ž ΰ€ΰ€΅ (evΓ‘). By surface analysis, π‘€˜ (ca) +β€Ž 𑀏𑀯 (eva).

Particle

π‘€˜π‘‚π‘€― (ceva) (Delhi-Topra, Dhauli, Girnar, Jaugada, Kalsi, Lauriya-Araraj)

  1. and indeed

Alternative forms

Attested at Delhi-Topra, Dhauli, Girnar, Jaugada, Kalsi and Lauriya-Araraj.

Dialectal forms of π‘€˜π‘‚π‘€― (β€œand indeed”)
Variety Location Forms
Central Kalsi π‘€˜π‘‚π‘€― (ceva), π‘€˜π‘‚π‘€―π‘€Έ (cevā)
Delhi-Topra π‘€˜π‘‚π‘€― (ceva), π‘€˜π‘‚π‘€―π‘€Έ (cevā)
Lauriya-Araraj π‘€˜π‘‚π‘€― (ceva)
East Dhauli π‘€˜π‘‚π‘€― (ceva)
Jaugada π‘€˜π‘‚π‘€― (ceva)
Northwest Shahbazgarhi 𐨕𐨅𐨬 (ceva)
Mansehra 𐨕𐨅𐨬 (ceva)
West Girnar π‘€˜π‘‚π‘€― (ceva)
Map of dialectal forms of π‘€˜π‘‚π‘€― (β€œand indeed”)
π‘€˜π‘‚π‘€― (ceva) (6)
π‘€˜π‘‚π‘€―π‘€Έ (cevā) (2)
𐨕𐨅𐨬 (ceva) (2)

Descendants

  • Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: π‘€˜π‘‚π‘€― (ceva)
  • Maharastri Prakrit: π‘€˜π‘€Ίπ‘€… (cia), π‘€˜π‘‚π‘€… (cea); π‘€˜π‘€Ίπ‘€¬ (ciya), π‘€˜π‘‚π‘€¬ (ceya), π‘€˜π‘‚π‘€― (ceva)
    • Konkani: -c (suffix used to denote emphasis)
      Devanagari script: -ΰ€š
      Kannada script: -ಚ್
      Latin script: -ch
    • Old Marathi:
      Devanagari script: -ΰ€š (-ca), -ΰ€šΰ€Ώ (-ci)
      Modi script: -π‘˜“ (-ca), -π‘˜“π‘˜² (-cΔ«)
  • Sauraseni Prakrit: π‘€˜π‘‚π‘€… (cea)

References

  • Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) β€œcaiva”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
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