𑀫𑀸

Ashokan Prakrit

Etymology

PIE word
*meh₁

From Sanskrit मा (mā́). Cognate with Pali mā, Gandhari 𐨨 (ma).

Particle

𑀫𑀸 (mā)

not, do not (prohibitive particle)

Alternative forms

Attested at Delhi-Topra, Dhauli, Girnar, Jaugada and Kalsi.

Dialectal forms of 𑀫𑀸 (“not, do not”)
Variety	Location	Forms edit
Central	Kalsi	𑀫 (ma), 𑀫𑀸 (mā)
Central	Delhi-Topra	𑀫𑀸 (mā)
East	Dhauli	𑀫𑀸 (mā)
East	Jaugada	𑀫𑀸 (mā)
Northwest	Shahbazgarhi	𐨨 (ma)
Northwest	Mansehra	𐨨 (ma)
West	Girnar	𑀫𑀸 (mā)

Map of dialectal forms of 𑀫𑀸 (“not, do not”)
𑀫𑀸 (mā) (5) 𐨨 (ma) (2) 𑀫 (ma) (1)

Descendants

Prakrit: 𑀫𑀸 (mā)
- Old Bengali: মা (mā)
- Sauraseni Prakrit:
  - Gurjar Apabhramsa:
    - Old Gujarati: म (ma)
  - Romani: ma
- Takka Apabhramsa:
  - ⇒ Old Punjabi: ਮਖਟੂ (makhaṭū /⁠makhaṭṭū⁠/, “not earning, idle”, adjective), ਮਚਾਂਗਵਾ (macāṁgavā /⁠macāṁgavāṁ⁠/, “not good, bad”, adjective)
- Vracada Apabhramsa:
  - Sindhi:
    Arabic script: م
    
    Devanagari script: म
⇒ Prakrit: 𑀫𑀸𑀇𑀅 (māia), 𑀫𑀸𑀇 (māi), 𑀫𑀇𑀅 (maïa)
⇒ Prakrit: 𑀫𑀁𑀢 (maṃta)
- Takka Apabhramsa:
  - Old Punjabi: ਮਤ (mata), ਮਤਿ (mati), ਮਤੁ (matu)
    - Punjabi: mat
      Gurmukhi script: ਮਤ
      
      Shahmukhi script: مَت
- Vracada Apabhramsa:
  - Sindhi:
    Arabic script: مَتان, مَتَڻ, مَتُڻِ
    
    Devanagari script: मतां, मतण, मतुणि
- Sauraseni Prakrit:
  - Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
    - Hindustani: mat
      Hindi: मत
      
      Urdu: مَت (mat)

Further reading

Hultzsch, E[ugen Julius Theodor] (1925) Inscriptions of Aśoka (new edition), in Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, volume 1, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 250.
Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “māˊ”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press

Old Tamil

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Adjective

𑀫𑀸 (mā)

big
dark

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

𑀫𑀸 (mā)

horse

Descendants

Tamil: மா (mā)

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