< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gulþijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *gulþą (“gold”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈɣul.θi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*gulþijaną[1]

  1. to gild, cover with gold

Inflection
Conjugation of *gulþijaną (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *gulþijō*gulþijaų—*gulþijai ?
2nd singular *gulþīsi*gulþijais*gulþī*gulþijasai*gulþijaisau
3rd singular *gulþīþi*gulþijai*gulþijaþau*gulþijaþai*gulþijaiþau
1st dual *gulþijōs*gulþijaiw———
2nd dual *gulþijaþiz*gulþijaiþiz*gulþijaþiz——
1st plural *gulþijamaz*gulþijaim—*gulþijanþai*gulþijainþau
2nd plural *gulþīþ*gulþijaiþ*gulþīþ*gulþijanþai*gulþijainþau
3rd plural *gulþijanþi*gulþijain*gulþijanþau*gulþijanþai*gulþijainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *gulþidǭ*gulþidēdį̄
2nd singular *gulþidēz*gulþidēdīz
3rd singular *gulþidē*gulþidēdī
1st dual *gulþidēdū*gulþidēdīw
2nd dual *gulþidēdudiz*gulþidēdīdiz
1st plural *gulþidēdum*gulþidēdīm
2nd plural *gulþidēdud*gulþidēdīd
3rd plural *gulþidēdun*gulþidēdīn
present past
participles *gulþijandz*gulþidaz

Descendants
  • Proto-West Germanic: *gulþijan
    • Old English: *gyldan
      • Middle English: gulden, gilden
      • ⇒ Old English: begyldan, ofergyldan
    • Old Dutch: *gulden
    • Old High German: *gulden
      • ⇒ Old High German: ubargulden
  • Old Norse: gylla

References
  1. Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*ʒulþjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 146
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