< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wrīþaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *wreyt- (“to twist, writhe”).[1]

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈwriː.θɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*wrīþaną[1][2]

  1. to weave, to twist

Inflection
Conjugation of *wrīþaną (strong class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *wrīþō*wrīþaų—*wrīþai ?
2nd singular *wrīþizi*wrīþaiz*wrīþ*wrīþazai*wrīþaizau
3rd singular *wrīþidi*wrīþai*wrīþadau*wrīþadai*wrīþaidau
1st dual *wrīþōz*wrīþaiw———
2nd dual *wrīþadiz*wrīþaidiz*wrīþadiz——
1st plural *wrīþamaz*wrīþaim—*wrīþandai*wrīþaindau
2nd plural *wrīþid*wrīþaid*wrīþid*wrīþandai*wrīþaindau
3rd plural *wrīþandi*wrīþain*wrīþandau*wrīþandai*wrīþaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *wraiþ*wridį̄
2nd singular *wraist*wridīz
3rd singular *wraiþ*wridī
1st dual *wridū*wridīw
2nd dual *wridudiz*wridīdiz
1st plural *wridum*wridīm
2nd plural *wridud*wridīd
3rd plural *wridun*wridīn
present past
participles *wrīþandz*wridanaz

Derived terms

Descendants
  • Proto-West Germanic: *wrīþan
    • Old English: wrīþan
    • Old Dutch: *wrīthan
      • Middle Dutch: writen (with -t- by influence of an iterative *writtōną)
    • Old High German: wrīdan, rīdan, *rīdan (Lombardic)
  • Old Norse: vríða, ríða
    • Elfdalian: rwaiða, wraiða, waiða
    • Old Swedish: vrīþa
    • Old Danish: writhæ
      • Danish: vride
      • Scanian: vriða
    • Norwegian Bokmål: vri
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: vri
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: vride
    • Gutnish: bräida

References
  1. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*wrīþan-~*wrītan”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 597
  2. Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*wrīþanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 473
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