ysbïo

Welsh

Etymology

From Middle English espien (“to espy”) or Old French espier (“to spy”), from Frankish *spehōn (“to spy”), from Proto-Germanic *spehōną (“to see, look”), from Proto-Indo-European *speḱ- (“to look”).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /əsˈbiː.ɔ/, [əsˈpiːɔ]
  • Rhymes: -iːɔ

Verb

ysbïo (first-person singular present ysbïaf)

  1. to spy
    Mae'n credu bod rhywun yn ysbïo arno fe.
    He thinks someone is spying on him.

Conjugation
Conjugation (literary)
singular plural impersonal
first second third first second third
present indicative/future ysbïaf ysbii ysbïa ysbïwn ysbïwch ysbïant ysbiir
imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/conditional ysbïwn ysbiit ysbïai ysbïem ysbïech ysbïent ysbiid
preterite ysbïais ysbïaist ysbïodd ysbïasom ysbïasoch ysbïasant ysbïwyd
pluperfect ysbïaswn ysbïasit ysbïasai ysbïasem ysbïasech ysbïasent ysbïasid, ysbïesid
present subjunctive ysbïwyf ysbïech ysbïo ysbïom ysbïoch ysbïont ysbïer
imperative — ysbïa ysbïed ysbïwn ysbïwch ysbïent ysbïer
verbal noun ysbïo
verbal adjectives ysbiedig
ysbiadwy
Conjugation (colloquial)
Inflected colloquial forms singular plural
first second third first second third
future ysbïa i, ysbïaf i ysbii di ysbiith o/e/hi, ysbiiff o/e/hi ysbïwn ni ysbïwch chi ysbïan nhw
conditional ysbïwn i, ysbiswn i ysbïet ti, ysbiset ti ysbïai fo/fe/hi, ysbisai fo/fe/hi ysbïen ni, ysbisen ni ysbïech chi, ysbisech chi ysbïen nhw, ysbisen nhw
preterite ysbïais i, ysbïes i ysbïaist ti, ysbïest ti ysbïodd o/e/hi ysbïon ni ysbïoch chi ysbïon nhw
imperative — ysbïa — — ysbïwch —
Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh.

Derived terms
  • ysbïwedd (“spyware”)
  • ysbïwr (“spy”)
  • ysbïwraig (“spy”)
  • sbio (“to spy; to look”)

Mutation
Welsh mutation
radical soft nasal h-prothesis
ysbïo unchanged unchanged hysbïo
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading
  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “ysbïo”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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