< Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic

Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/arpa

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Possibly borrowed from Northeastern Iranian,[1][2] from Proto-Iranian *Hr̥pā́š (“barley”), or perhaps Tocharian,[3] both from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élbʰit. Alternatively from *ar- (“to multiply oneself, be numerous”), whence Old Turkic [script needed] (arka, “multitude, crowd”).[4] The term appears to be related to Proto-Mongolic *arbaï (“barley”) as well, possibly through borrowing. Compare also Mongolian арвай (arvaj), Dongxiang apa.[5][6]

Noun

*arpa[7][2]

  1. barley

Declension
Declension of *arpa
Singular 3)
Nominative *arpa
Accusative *arpanï, *arpag 4), *arpanïg 1)
Genitive *arpanïŋ
Dative *arpaka
Locative *arpada
Ablative *arpadan
Allative *arpagaru
Instrumental 2) *arpan
Equative 2) *arpača
Similative 2) *arpalayu
Comitative 2) *arpalïgu
1) Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
2) The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
3) Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
4) Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants
  • Oghur:
    • Chuvash: урпа (urp̬a)
  • Common Turkic: *arpa

See also
Foods - *yẹ̄miĺčler, *yẹ̄miĺčsāyïn
barley: *arpa beans, peas: *burčak farro, wheat: *bugday
jujube: *yidge strawberry: *yidgelek apple: *almïla
hazelnut: *bōńurï walnut: *yaŋgak honey: *bạl
millet: *tạrïg onion: *sōgun salt: *tūŕ
egg: *yumurtka butter: *yāg mushroom: *kömbe
radish: *turp, *turma carrot: *turma

Further reading
  • Hyllested, Adam (2014) Word Exchange at the Gates of Europe: Five Millennia of Language Contact‎, Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Humanities, pages 32-33

References
  1. Jokl, Norbert (1911) Studien zur albanesischen Etymologie und Wortbildung (Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Klasse der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften; 168) (in German), Vienna: A. Hölder, page 90
  2. Dybo, Anna (2014) “Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction”, in Tatarica‎, volume 2, page 9
  3. Clauson, Gerard (1972) “?F arpa”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 198b
  4. Tatarincev, B. I. (2000–2008) “Proto-Turkic/arpa”, in Monguš D. A., editor, Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tuvinskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Tuvan Language] (in Russian), Novosibirsk: Nauka
  5. Tokat, Feyza (2014) “On the Common Words in Mongolian and the Turkish Dialects in Turkey”, in The Journal of International Social Research (Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi)‎, volume 7, number 32, →ISSN, pages 185-198.
  6. Nugteren, Hans (2011) Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages (dissertation)‎, Utrecht: LOT
  7. Tenišev E. R., editor (2001), “*arpa”, in Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: Leksika [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages: Lexis] (in Russian), volume IV, Moscow: Nauka, pages 460-461
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