< Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic

Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kāŕ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative reconstructions
  • *kāz

Etymology

Considering the bird’s black feathers, it could be a derivative of the word 'black' (see Proto-Turkic *kara), but most data support the hypothesis of an onomatopoeic origin.[1][2][3] Probably related to the Hungarian onomatopoeic word gá-gá (“sound a goose makes”).[3] This onomatopoeic formation may serve the same function as other Turkic bird-related words like karga (“crow, black bird”) and kuş (“bird”), compare the Hungarian onomatopoeic word kár-kár ("to croak").[3]

Alternatively, borrowed from some reflex of Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (“goose”), perhaps Tocharian.[4][5] Pedersen derived from Old Armenian *գաս (*gas), the supposed earlier form of սագ (sag, “goose”),[6][7] but this derivation is implausible.[2][5] Unlikely to be a direct borrowing from Proto-Indo-European, but perhaps coincidental or a cultural Wanderwort.[8] Compare with Chechen гӏа̄з (ğaaz), Ingush гӏа̄ж (ğaaž).

Noun

*kāŕ

  1. goose

Declension
Declension of *kāŕ
Singular 3)
Nominative *kāŕ
Accusative *kāŕnï, *kāŕïg 4), *kāŕnïg 1)
Genitive *kāŕnïŋ
Dative *kāŕka
Locative *kāŕta
Ablative *kāŕtan
Allative *kāŕgaru
Instrumental 2) *kāŕïn
Equative 2) *kāŕča
Similative 2) *kāŕlayu
Comitative 2) *kāŕlïgu
1) Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
2) The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
3) Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
4) Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants
  • Oghur:
    • Chuvash: хур (hur)
  • Common Turkic:
  • Oghuz:
  • Karluk:
    • Karakhanid: قازْ (qāz, “goose, geese (swans, ducks, swallows)”)
  • Kipchak:
  • Siberian:
    • Old Uyghur: q՚z (qaz, “geese”)
      • Western Yugur: [script needed] (qaz)
    • North Siberian:
    • South Siberian:
      • Sayan Turkic:
      • Yenisei Turkic:
      • Altai Turkic:
  • → Abkhaz: а-ҟыз (a-qʼəz)
  • → Adyghe: къаз (qaz)
  • → Alanic:
  • → Archi: хъаз (qaz)
  • → Avar: хъаз (qxaz)
  • → Chechen: гӏаз (ğaz)
  • → Dargwa: къаз (ɢaz)
  • → Ingush: гӏаж (ğaž)
  • → Kabardian: къаз (qaz)
  • → Lezgi: къаз (q̄az)
  • → Khowar: qoz ‘crane’
  • → Persian: غاز (ğâz), قاز (qâz)
  • → Pashto: قازه (qā́za)
  • → Sangisari: غاز (qāz)

See also
Animals in Turkic
dog: *ït hunting dog: *eker hen: *tiakïgu
lark: *torgay dove, pigeon: *kȫkerčin quail: *bïldurčïn
sparrow: *serče hawk, falcon: *kïrguy goose: *kāŕ
wolf: *bȫrü cow: *ingek calf: *buŕagu
camel: *tebe young of camel: *kȫĺek, *botu horse: *at
foal: *kulun worm: *kūrt snake: *yï̄lan
fox: *tilkü goat: *keči he-goat: *teke
lion: *arsïlan fish: *bālïk carp bream: *čapak
donkey: *eĺčgek carp: *siāŕgan catfish: *yāyïn
beaver: *kunduŕ hedgehog: *kirpi badger: *borsmuk
fly, mosquito: *siŋek wasp, bee: *ārï gadfly: *bȫgen
moth: *küńe louse: *bït earthworm: *sïbuĺgan
yak: *kotuz colt: *sïp dragon: *siāŕgan
worm: *kūrt deer: *keyik, *sïgun, *bulan, *bugu lizard: *keleŕ

Further reading
  • Abajev, V. I. (1973) “qaz”, in Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow and Leningrad: Academy Press, page 272
  • Budagov, Lazarʹ (1871) Sravnitelʹnyj slovarʹ turecko-tatarskix narěčij [Comparative Dictionary of Turko-Tatar Dialects] (in Russian), volume II, Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, page 13
  • Radloff, Friedrich Wilhelm (1899) Опыт словаря тюркских наречий – Versuch eines Wörterbuches der Türk-Dialecte [Attempt at a Lexicon of the Turkic Dialects], volume II (overall work in German and Russian), Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 360f
  • Radloff, Friedrich Wilhelm (1899) Опыт словаря тюркских наречий – Versuch eines Wörterbuches der Türk-Dialecte [Attempt at a Lexicon of the Turkic Dialects], volume II (overall work in German and Russian), Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 346

References
  1. Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (1997) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume V, Moscow: Jazyki russkoj kulʹtury, page 184b
  2. Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20)‎ (in German), volume III, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, § 1389, pages 385–387
  3. Czeglédi, Katalin. The Nature of the Relationship between the Hungarian and Turkish Languages. Journal of Eurasian Studies. Volume IV., Issue 4. October-December 2012.
  4. Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 679
  5. Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1979) “սագ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume IV, Yerevan: University Press, page 152b
  6. Pedersen, Holger (1906) “Armenisch und die Nachbarsprachen”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), volume 39, number 3, pages 453–454
  7. Pedersen (Pedersən), Holger (1907) H. Tʻovmas Ketikean, transl., Hayerēn ew dracʻi lezunerə [Armenian and the Neighbouring Languages] (in Armenian), Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, pages 186–187
  8. The Proto-Bulgaro-Turkic Urheimat based on geolexical analysis (archived)
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