< Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic

Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/koč

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

The form *kočgar is morphologically obscure as there is no *-gar suffix.

Nishanyan compares it to Armenian ոչխար (očʻxar, “ram”) and Arabic كبش (kabš, “ram”), however neither of these words can etymologically and phonologically be related to this word.

Noun

*koč

  1. ram

Declension
Declension of *koč
Singular 3)
Nominative *koč
Accusative *kočnï, *kočug 4), *kočnïg 1)
Genitive *kočnïŋ
Dative *kočka
Locative *kočda
Ablative *kočdan
Allative *kočgaru
Instrumental 2) *kočun
Equative 2) *kočča
Similative 2) *kočlayu
Comitative 2) *kočlugu
1) Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
2) The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
3) Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
4) Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants
  • Oghur:
    • → Hungarian: kos
  • → Proto-Mongolic: *kucan
  • Common Turkic: *koč, *kočgar
  • Arghu:
  • Oghuz:
    • West Oghuz:
      • Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (qoç)
        • Azerbaijani: qoç
        • Ottoman Turkish: قوچ (koç), قوچقار (koçkar)
        • Turkish: koç, koçkar
    • Oghuz-Uyghur:
      • Salar: qoşğur
    • East Oghuz:
      • Turkmen: goç, goçgar
  • Karluk:
    • Karakhanid: [script needed] (qočŋar)
      • Chagatai: قوچقار (qoćqar)
        • Uyghur: قوچقار (qochqar)
        • Uzbek: qoʻchqar
  • Kipchak:
    • North Kipchak:
      • Tatar: кучкар (quçkar)
      • Bashkir: ҡусҡар (qusqar)
    • West Kipchak:
      • Crimeaic Kipchak:
        • Crimean Tatar: qoçqar
        • Urum: ґоч (ğoč)
      • Karaim: kočxar
      • Karachay-Balkar: кочхар (koçxar)
      • Kumyk: къочкъар (qoçqar)
    • South Kipchak:
      • Kazakh: қошқар (qoşqar)
      • Karakalpak: qoshqar, gʻosh
      • Nogai: кошкар (koşkar)
    • East Kipchak:
  • Siberian:
    • Old Turkic:
      • Old Uyghur: qwčxʾr (qočɣar), qwčwnxʾr (qočuŋar)
        • Western Yugur: qoʐɣar
    • South Siberian:
      • Sayan Turkic:
        • Tofa: қоъшқар (qöšqar) (archaic)
        • Tuvan: кошкар (koşkar)
      • Yenisei Turkic:
        • Shor: қошқар (qošqar)
  • → Kott: koaskir (“ram”)
Animals in Turkic
dog: *ït hunting dog: *eker hen: *tiakïgu
lark: *torgay dove, pigeon: *kȫkerčin quail: *bïldurčïn
sparrow: *serče hawk, falcon: *kïrguy goose: *kāŕ
wolf: *bȫrü cow: *ingek calf: *buŕagu
camel: *tebe young of camel: *kȫĺek, *botu horse: *at
foal: *kulun worm: *kūrt snake: *yï̄lan
fox: *tilkü goat: *keči he-goat: *teke
lion: *arsïlan fish: *bālïk carp bream: *čapak
donkey: *eĺčgek carp: *siāŕgan catfish: *yāyïn
beaver: *kunduŕ hedgehog: *kirpi badger: *borsmuk
fly, mosquito: *siŋek wasp, bee: *ārï gadfly: *bȫgen
moth: *küńe louse: *bït earthworm: *sïbuĺgan
yak: *kotuz colt: *sïp dragon: *siāŕgan
worm: *kūrt deer: *keyik, *sïgun, *bulan, *bugu lizard: *keleŕ

References
  • Clauson, Gerard (1972) “kočŋar”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 592
  • Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages:] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, pages 233-234
  • Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (2000) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume VI, Moscow: Indrik, page 86
  • Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 274
  • Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “koç”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
  • Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*Koč”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎, Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
  • Gombocz, Zoltán (1912) Die bulgarisch-türkischen Lehnwörter in der ungarischen Sprache [The Bulgarian–Turkic Loanwords in the Hungarian Language] (Suomalais-ugrilaisen Seuran toimituksia = Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne; XXX)‎ (in German), page 100
  • Nugteren, Hans (2011) Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages (dissertation)‎, Utrecht: LOT, page 430
  • Bayarma Khabtagaeva (2019), Language Contact in Siberia: Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic Loanwords in Yeniseian (The Languages of Asia Series; 19), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages: 71‒72
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